Due to various wireline transmission scenarios in different detector front-end readout environments, the high-speed chip-to-chip or board-to-board serial data transmission is encountering severe and various signal quality degredations. A general-purpose and high-speed transmitter (Tx) technique with tunable pre-emphasis function is crucial and in great demand. This paper presents the design...
This paper presents the design and test results of a 2.56Gbps deserializer with a full-rate clock and data recovery (CDR) fabricated in a 55nm CMOS process for applications in high-energy physics experiments.The PLL-based CDR recovers the 2.56GHz clock from the input data and retiming the data.Then the 2.56Gbps retimed data and the 2.56GHz recovered clock are used as the input for the...
This paper presents the design and the test results of a 25 Gbps VCSEL driving ASIC fabricated in a 55 nm CMOS technology for detector front-end readout. This VCSEL driving ASIC is composed of an input equalizer stage, a pre-driver stage and a novel output driver stage. The input equalizer stage adopts a 5-step CTLE structure to compensate the high frequency loss at the PCB traces, bonding...
In this paper, a 4×6.25 Gbps serial link transmitter core has been designed for high-speed front-end ASICs. The transmitter core is implemented in a commercial 0.18 um CMOS technology. The core consists of a common PLL and four individual transmitter channels. Each channel contains a 2-stage 20:2 serializer, a 2-stage half-rate feed-forward equalizer and a clock manager circuit. A new...
Abstract—A Compact front-end electronics (Compact_FEC) for reading Micromegas detector is presented in this paper. It includes the detector signal readout module, data acquisition module, and power supply module. The detector signal readout module uses a current-based readout chip, ADAS1128, which integrates 128 current amplifiers for multi-channel charge information measurement. After noise...
The Hefei Advanced Light Facility (HALF) is the fourth-generation synchrotron radiation light source under construction. The linear accelerator system in HALF will accelerate the beam to 2.2GeV to reach the required luminosity, and a low-level radio frequency (LLRF) system should be adopted to achieve a high-phase-stability RF field inside the accelerator cavities. The phase stability required...
Silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) are widely recognized for their exceptional light response and high gain characteristics. Nonetheless, their practicality in fast timing applications is often impeded by their substantial terminal capacitance, which commonly exceeds 300 pF. To address this challenge, this study introduces a novel front-end readout electronics design. This architecture comprises...
With the progress of material science and thin film preparation technology, the Transition-Edge Sensor (TES) detector-related technologies have been rapidly developed. The TES detector arrays find extensive applications in high-energy physics and nuclear radiation detection. The Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) technology is one of the mainstream multiplexing technologies used in TES...
Serial links are widely used for data transfer in Data Acquisition (DAQ) Systems of High Energy Physics (HEP) experiments. Pseudo-Random Binary Sequences (PRBS) has seen wide application in high-speed serial wireline communication systems as test patterns for link characterization and testing. A flexible architecture for FPGA-based PRBS generators is proposed, with a focus on high throughput...
In the field of particle physics experiments, Time-of-Flight (ToF) is a powerful tool to perform particle identification, and the Time-to-Digital Converter (TDC) plays a crucial role in the high-precision time measurement. As the momentum of the particles to be studied increasingly goes high, the time resolution requirement becomes higher accordingly, and the TDC is expected to achieve...
To measure plasma density and provide real-time feedback for the control system, we have established a carbon dioxide dispersion interferometer (CO2-DI) system on the EAST tokamak device. Due to the low efficiency of the frequency-doubling crystal, the power of the second harmonic is extremely low. To obtain accurate interference information, it is necessary to use a lock-in amplifier to...
In this article, a low-complexity maximum likelihood sequence equalizer (MLSE) algorithm for non-return-to-zero (NRZ) high-speed transceivers is proposed. In particle physics experiments and high-energy physics experiments, the amount of data transmission continues to increase, and transceivers play an important role. MLSE has received widespread attention because of its great advantages in...
CMOS pixel detectors, characterized by high spatial resolution, high sensitivity, and low material budget, are ideal for tracking charged particles. As a result, they have been widely used in particle physics experiments, and are considered the preferred technology for future vertex detectors. Particle physics experiments are constantly moving toward higher luminosities, placing greater...
Timepix is a semiconductor single-particle-counting pixel detector developed by the Medipix2 Collaboration at CERN. Timepix can create images of the traces of recored particles. Each arriving particle leaves a separate trail on the detector due to the charge sharing effect. The radiation trace on a image provides useful information for identifying the recorded paticles as well as their paths....
Super Tau-Charm Facility (STCF) is one of the important options for accelerator-based particle physics in China. The operation of the STCF will provide a unique platform for the study of tau-charm physics and hadron physics.
Electromagnetic Calorimeter (ECAL) is one of the important sub-detectors of STCF, and Its core task is the precise measurement of photons. In the face of complex...
Due to environmental, economic sustainability, and political considerations, recycling processes are gaining heightened significance, focusing on substantially increasing the utilization of secondary raw materials. This paper advances the field by tackling the novel challenge of non-destructively analyzing mixed copper alloys. Building on our previous work in non-destructive analysis of...
The Belle II experiment seeks physics beyond the standard model of particle physics exploiting the data provided from the SuperKEKB accelerator.
To maximise the sensitivity to physics beyond the standard model, we collect as much data as possible.
Minimising the time without data-taking is a key to collect more data.
We have started our physics data-taking on March 2019, maintained the...
Positron emission tomography (PET) is an advanced clinical examination imaging technology in the field of nuclear medicine. We will describe a novel PET module using a soft-core analog-to-digital converter (ADC) based on time-to-digital converter (TDC). The soft-core ADC is implemented in an FPGA. In the hardware design, the FPGA-based ADC (FPGA-ADC) only requires one resistor and an FPGA....
The Low Energy X-ray Polarization Detector (LPD) is one of the three payloads of the Gamma-ray Burst (GRB) Polarization Detector Space Station Detection Facility.LPD payload contains technologies such as the silicon pixel detector chip, the GMCP and high-power power supply. Pixel chip needs to be characterized by high effective detection area, high spatial resolution and low power consumption,...
The super tau-charm facility(STCF) is a proposed e+e- collider producing a data sample 100 times higher than present tau-charm factory (BEPCII). The inner tracker of STCF should have certain position resolution, time resolution, charge measurement function and low power consumption and one of its alternative options is semiconductor detector based on monolithic active pixel sensor (MAPS)....
X-ray detectors are crucial components for advanced photon sources. IHEP (Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences) has initiated the indigenous development of silicon pixel detectors (HEPS-Beijing Pixel, HEPS-BPIX) over the past decade for High Energy Photon Source (HEPS), and is currently working on the fourth-generation detector (HEPS-BPIX4).Considering the large...
The preliminary beam test of the CYCIAE-230 cyclotron and its beam transportation system to the isocenter of the gantry was successfully conducted at the end of December 2023. During this, various beam transportation tests with different energies are carried out to verify the design of the energy selection system. The ESS consists of a pair of carbon wedge shape degraders, an apochromatic...
The peak luminosity of the Super Tau-Charm Facility (STCF) proposed by the Chinese particle physics community is about an order of magnitude greater than the present Tau-Charm factory. In the STCF, the micro-resistive well (
The Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor (MAPS) has been widely used in nuclear and particle physics. The various physics and applications at the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL) and the High-Intensity Heavy-ion Accelerator Facility (HIAF) require MAPS to measure particle hit's position, energy deposition, and arrival time. Thus, a MAPS with such capability has been designed in a 130nm...
As the leading research platform of heavy-ion science in China, the heavy-ion physics and heavy-ion applications at the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL) and the High-Intensity heavy-ion Accelerator Facility (HIAF) drive the development of new detector technology. A Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor (MAPS) has been designed in a 130nm process for HIRLF and HIAF. This MAPS can measure...
Since using X-ray pulsars for autonomous navigation of spacecraft was proposed, it has attracted attention from all parties because of its superior performance. As a commonly used semiconductor detector, the Silicon Drift Detector has high energy resolution, high linearity, and low noise, which are optimized for the detection of X-rays in the range of 0.5 keV to 10 keV.
The readout chip,...
The traditional USB 3.0 communication based on FPGA uses an external chip as a USB PHY or a USB controller including a USB PHY. This paper realizes a USB 3.0 controller using FPGA resources, in which FPGA logic realizes a serial interface engine, and an FPGA internal transceiver is a USB PHY. Used slices percent after implementation is ~5% in Kintex-7 325t. The test result shows that the speed...
In particle physics and nuclear physics experiments, especially experiments based on particle accelerators, the data transmission rate of the detector is very high. These high throughput data from the front-end electronic of the detector need to be transmitted to the PC for the selection and summary of the event. Data acquisition (DAQ) systems with high density, scalability, and easy upgrading...
The Very Large Area gamma-ray Space Telescope (VLAST) is a high-energy detection satellite proposed by Chinese scientists aimed at conducting high-energy resolution spatial observations of gamma rays with unprecedented acceptance. As one of its sub-detectors, the High-Energy Imaging Calorimeter (HEIC) is used to measure the energy deposited by incident particles and to identify particles...
The High-Intensity heavy-ion Accelerator Facility (HIAF) is under construction to generate intense beams of primary and radioactive ions for various research fields. Among the different detector technologies, the Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor (MAPS) stands out due to its integration of the pixel matrix and readout circuit into a single silicon substrate. Hence, a MAPS named Nupix-A2 has been...
The Transition Radiation Detector (TRD) of the High Energy Cosmic Radiation Detection facility (HERD) utilizes the relationship between high-energy charged particle transition radiation and the Lorentz factor to calibrate the energy of TeV-band protons in HERD calorimeters. It can also independently conduct X-ray observation and monitor Gamma-Ray Bursts . The TRD mainly consists of detector...
In this article, we describe the development of an electronic circuit for measuring the pulse amplitude of scintillation detectors using an Arduino Mega2560pro (Embed). The amplified analog signals are fed into a peak detector circuit (Lew Counts and Mark Murphy, Analog Dialogue 24-2, 1990). In addition to this circuit, we have incorporated components such as opamp comparators, flip-flops, and...
A superconducting cyclotron based proton therapy system has been developed at China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE) for years. The system has technical advantages such as high dose rate, fast energy varying, compact structure, and low energy consumption. From the cyclotron to the nozzle, the beam line employed 51 magnets, including six 30°, one 60°, and two 75° dipoles. It can be seen that...
We have developed a digital waveform processing system with AMD RFSoC.
It is optimized system for experiments at RIKEN RI Beam Factory(RIBF) that is an accelerator facility in Japan.
This system is aimed at simultaneous measurement of TOF with high-resolution and ΔE using plastic scintillators.
The AMD RFSoC includes 4GHz FADC, FPGA, and CPU, and it is expected that this system that allows...
Superconducting transition-edge sensor (TES), operating in the mK temperature range, exhibit extremely low noise levels and excellent energy resolution. TES is widely used in the detection of cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB) and in synchrotron radiation, free-electron laser spectrometers. As the number of detector increases, the heat loading to the mK stage of refrigerator from the...
The CSR External-target Experiment (CEE) at the Heavy Ion Research Facility at Lanzhou (HIRFL) will be the first large-scale experiment in nuclear physics independently developed in China, covering the GeV energy regime. As a major detector of CEE, The Zero Degree Calorimeter (ZDC) measures the centrality and reaction plane of the nuclear-nuclear collision from the hadron background. It...
The High Energy Cosmic Radiation Detection Facility (HERD) is a part of the Chinese Cosmic Lighthouse Program in China’s Space Station, which will be launched in 2027. HERD is expected to work ten years in orbit and will indirectly detect dark matter, measure cosmic rays, and observe high-energy gamma rays. As a sub-detector of HERD, the transition radiation detector's (TRD) main scientific...
The next-generation muon spin spectrometers at the ISIS pulsed source, particularly ‘Super-MuSR,’ are poised to efficiently utilize the increased source intensity, achieving an impressive 1 G·event·hr-1 counting rate. This advancement hinges on the development of highly pixelated, high-density detector arrays covering a significant solid angle, each element fine-tuned for high-rate data...
This talk describes the use of programmable network hardware to provide a custom monitoring capability for the Mu2e Trigger and Data Acquisition System (TDAQ) system. This system is being designed as part of research that supports the design and deployment of specialized network support for physics experiments.
The goal of the Mu2e experiment is to search for a charged-lepton flavor...
Abstract: The advancement of beam telescopes plays a pivotal role in propelling innovations in particle accelerators and refining detection systems. This research explores the architecture and performance attributes of the Hi’BT (Heavy-ion Beam Telescope) system, a pivotal tool for the forthcoming High-Intensity heavy-ion Accelerator Facility (HIAF) in China. At the heart of the Hi'BT design...
The COMET experiment at J-PARC aims to search for the neutrinoless transition of a muon to an electron (
The report is dedicated to a measurement module of a dispersion interferometer for plasma density control at Globus-M2 tokamak (St. Petersburg, Russia). The system provides measuring of integral plasma density with resolution of 4·10^15 m^-2 every 20 μs. Such characteristics of the device allow using the results of its measurements in а feedback loops to real time plasma density control. The...
In space applications, firmware updates play a crucial role, ensuring that payloads in orbit can acquire new functionalities or rectify logical errors. Stable and efficient updates are essential. Concurrently, high-energy charged particles in space can affect electronic components. Single Event Upsets (SEUs) may alter the logic state of digital circuits. If an SEU occurs in the FLASH storing...
In past decades, scientists have made many outstanding achievements in nuclear physics, nuclear astrophysics and atomic physics, biomedicine, and other fields based on accelerators. In order to promote the development of heavy ion accelerator technology and improve the research level, the next generation of the heavy ion research facility, HIAF, has been proposed. The beam energy of HIAF will...
The Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL) and the High Intensity Heavy-ion Accelerator Facility (HIAF) are leading platforms for heavy ion scientific research in China. Based on them, the Electron-ion collider in China (EicC) is under construction to represent a new generation of physics experiments. These scientific facilities have led to the development of advanced detectors....
A dedicated pencil beam scan system is developed and integrated into the proton therapy system of China Institute by a joint effort of Pyramid Consult Inc. and China Institute of Atomic Energy. In nozzle commissioning, a proton beam with an intensity of tens nA is provided by the CIAE beam production system, including a 242MeV superconducting cyclotron and a fast energy variable beam...
This study aims to optimize the energy resolution of the Topmetal-II pixel detector through the utilization of neural networks and curve-fitting strategies. The Topmetal-II plays a crucial role in capturing soft X-ray signals, enhancing its energy resolution is crucial for accurate measurements.
We employed neural networks, specifically Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), to train on the...
In modern accelerator applications, stringent requirements are placed on the noise performance of digital converters. The noise from the digital converter will become part of the field noise seen by the beam, thus necessitating a low-noise, low-crosstalk digitizer. In response to this demand, this paper presents the design of a digital converter circuit board with 8 ADC channels and 2 DAC...
Nuclear physics with radioactive beams has been the most dynamic frontier research field in nuclear science. The high intensity heavy-ion accelerator facility (HIAF) under construction is equipped with a high energy fragment separator (HFRS), characterized by high energy and high intensity. HFRS utilizes the Bρ-TOF-ΔE method for high magnetic rigidity, large ion-optical acceptance, and...
Silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) was increasingly applied in nuclear medicine imaging development in recent years, especially in positron emission tomography (PET) scanner. To achieve a cost-effective, power-efficient signal processing unit for the SiPM array, a compact 128-channel front-end electronic (FEE) system based on dual-polarity charge-to-digital converter (dQDC) was proposed. A dQTC...
A real time data acquisition system is being implemented using a configurable muti-functional FPGA PCIe card. The FPGA card acquires 16 channels signal at 250 kHz, calculates 512-point Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), and provides the full data set of both original raw data and FFT derived data to the real-time computer. Data is recorded to the Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research...
Intel AVX-512 is a Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) instruction set based on x86 data center processors. Unlike traditional Single Instruction Single Data operations, a SIMD instruction can simultaneously execute operations on multiple data, effectively accelerating compute-intensive tasks. This feature is well-suited to the requirements of online data acquisition and processing in...
The significance of the remote debugging capability cannot be overstated when it comes to separating the urgency of FPGA-based hardware deployment from the maturity of firmware design. Furthermore, the importance of sensor monitoring in the success of complex systems like TDAQ in high-energy physics experiments is evident, even though it presents fewer challenges compared to the TDAQ system...
The article discusses a research presentation on the design and manufacture of handheld radiation measurement devices using Geiger-Muller tubes counting gamma radiation, applied in educational settings. The research and development aim to support educational training, aiding students in comprehending the interactions of radiation with matter, contributing to the dissemination of knowledge...
The single crystal hot neutron diffractometer HEiDi is operated by Forschungszentrum Jülich at the research reactor FRM II in Garching. Core of the instrument is the 4-circle diffractometer, consisting of an Eulerian cradle for the sample and the detector arm. The detector of HEiDi is a single a 3He detector tube. In classical scans, in each step the axes of the 4-circle diffractometer are...
The Hyper-Kamiokande (Hyper-K) experiment is a next generation underground water Cherenkov detector designed to search for leptonic CP-violation and a wide science program, including neutrino astrophysics, and searches for nucleon decay.
The main photo-sensor used in the experiment is the 20" box-and-line R12860 PMT, an improved version of the ones used in Super-Kamiokande. Due to the tank...
For the upgrade of the High Intensity Proton Accelerator at PSI of injector cavities 2 and 4, a new digital radio frequency control system was developed using the IFC 1210 VME board. This system comprises three components: A single-board computer running the control system software and the real- time application, both running on a dual core P2020 PowerPC, as well as the FPGA Design utilizing a...
The Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL) and the High Intensity Heavy-ion Accelerator Facility (HIAF) are advanced heavy-ion accelerators, which play a critical role in pursuing a deeper understanding of nuclear physics. The beam monitoring system, known as the eyes of the accelerators, is an essential part of the accelerator facilities. Its function is to monitor the beam parameters...
We implemented A LabVIEW-FPGA-Based Real-time processing system for Keda Torus eXperiment (KTX) as a part of Active Control Feedback Electronics System (ACFES). The processing system plays a role in real-time feedback control and communication between KTX central control system and hardware devices of ACFES.
Experiment results prove that the designed system provides a real-time data...
Many particle physics experiments utilize FPGAs in intense radiation environments, and they are concerned about SEUs. An SEU is a soft error that occurs when a charged particle plunges into the part of an SRAM or flip-flop that holds the data. Neutrons also have the possibility of causing SEUs because they can generate charged particles by interacting with atoms in semiconductor devices. We...
The High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) will provide an order of magnitude increase in integrated luminosity and enhance the discovery reach for new phenomena. The increased pile-up foreseen during the HL-LHC necessitates major upgrades to the ATLAS detector and trigger. The Phase-II trigger will consist of two levels, a hardware-based Level-0 trigger and an Event Filter (EF) with tracking...
