This study investigates the application of machine learning in the realm of low background β detection and identification. Leveraging Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) algorithms, the research involves complex waveform data generated by the Charge-Sensitive-Amplification (CSA) electronic system within the TPC detector. The experimental results demonstrate outstanding performance in actual...
With the continuous development in the high-speed optical data transmission systems for the detector front-end readout application, the PAM4 technique starts to emerge with its advantages of lower analog bandwidth requirement and less channel numbers.This paper presents the design and test results of a full-function 20Gbps PAM4 receiver ASIC fabricated in 55nm CMOS technology for detector...
The proposed STCF (Super Tau Charm Facility) is an electron-positron collider with high luminosity. Considering the high radiation and counting-rate environment and the pure physics event rate up to 400kHz, it becomes crucial for the Level 1 trigger system to suppress the background to an acceptable rate. Now we present the 3D track reconstruction algorithm for the pre-research of STCF MDC L1...
The paper presents a fully digital servo designed for ultra-stability laser. To minimize laser frequency instability, the system requires high bandwidth and precision, low input and output noise, and minimal temperature drift. The laser system utilizes the Pound-Drever-Hall (PDH) method, employing an ultra-stable cavity to generate an error signal for servo input. This error signal is...
Accurate clock distribution to front-end electronics is crucial in optimizing physics performance in collider experiments, especially for triggering applications. In the ATLAS detector, the Thin Gap Chamber (TGC) system performs fast online muon reconstruction using a coincidence algorithm as part of the first hardware-based triggering stage. Preparing for the High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC), an...
In response to the diverse requirements for data acquisition and online data processing in scenarios such as high-energy physics detector research and pre-research experiments, this talk proposes a highly scalable data acquisition and online data processing software framework based on the modular design concept. The framework represents the readout and data processing processes as basic data...
Abstract:
It is important to determine the external dose due to the radiation emitted from building materials because individuals spend most of their time in their residence or office. In general, the radioactive isotopes 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K exist naturally in soil, rocks, and sand. When these materials are used in construction, the gamma radiation of natural radionuclides emitted from...
High-precision Time-to-Digital Converters (TDCs) play a pivotal role in contemporary high-energy physics experiments where the measurement of time-over-threshold (TOT) of nuclear pulses is essential.
This paper introduces an innovative FPGA-based TDC capable of outputting timestamps for both rising and falling edges. The hit signal's edges initiate two identical segments of clock-like...
High-speed transceivers are the essential component of data acquisition systems for high energy physics (HEP). When the data rate increases to several gigatransfers per second (GT/s), jitter becomes one of the bottlenecks limiting the data transfer rate. Total jitter can be modeled as a superposition of an unbounded random component that follows a Gaussian distribution and a bounded...
For the demand of studying a set of resonant states of several neutron-rich nuclei (6H, 7H, 7He, 10Li, ...) lately at ACCULINNA-2 [1], a neutron spectrometer based on stilbene crystals coupling with 3” ET-Enterprise 9822B photomultipliers [2] has been crucially developed and routinely employed in our work. This is to tag principally the reaction channels and practically explore the nuclear...
We present a new ADC/Data Processing Module, designed for Step 2 of the KOTO Experiment at J-Parc, Japan. Occupying 18 VME Crates, the current KOTO Step 1 readout system includes three distinctive blocks: the CsI calorimeter readout with 2,600 channels using custom 16-Channel, 14-Bit, 125MHz modules; the veto detector readout with 500 channels and the same type of ADC modules; and the beam...
Data acquisition system of beam loss monitors (BLM) was developed for Siberian ring source of photons (SKIF) which is under construction in Novosibirsk, Russia. The BLM consist of Cherenkov beam loss monitors (CBLM) and scintillator-based beam loss monitors (SBLM), which should ensure the stability of the SKIF operation. Recording system for CBLM is based on two-channel measuring modules...
In this work, we investigate the relationship between the volumetric parameters of the cylindrical EJ-301 liquid scintillation detector and its detection efficiency and neutron/gamma discrimination capability. Eight detector configurations corresponding to cylindrical EJ-301 detectors of different length and diameter values connected to a photomultiplier tube have been modeled. Signals...
The time budget for a radiation monitoring system to accurately determine the input dose rate could vary from microseconds to minutes, depending on the operational scenario. For personal protection, the typical requirement is often in the range of milliseconds. Consequently, such systems require a fast analog front end capable of transforming the continuous output of a radiation sensor into...
The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is a neutrino experiment under construction with a broad physics program in southern China. The primary physics goal of JUNO is to measure the order of neutrino mass. The front-end electronics of JUNO will generate approximately 40GB/s of raw data, including data in various formats from multiple detectors. A large distributed data...
Coincidence electronics and pulse height analyzers stand as pivotal techniques in radiation detection
systems. The development of FPGA-based nuclear electronics has garnered attention due to their
programmability, simplicity, testability, compact size, and low power consumption. This technology is
increasingly favored worldwide for nuclear electronic systems over traditional analog...
To meet the measurement requirements for the pulse-to-pulse stability of high-voltage output pulses from solid-state pulse modulators, this paper designs a low-noise front-end electronics “SAFee”, which can provide a DC bias of -10 V to 10 V. The offset of the divided voltage pulse is adjusted to near 0 V and then measured with an oscilloscope at a resolution of 1 mV/div, thereby achieving a...
A digital oscilloscope can trigger with a mV threshold, digitalize analog signals with 500Mhz sampling in a dynamic timing window, and acquire several channels in a fraction of a second. These characteristics provide oscilloscope a distinct advantage when working with small or medium-sized setups that require photosensor signals to be acquired lightning fast. We created a system to study...
The Real Time Processing Systems Division at Fermilab has deployed new features to the Off-The-Shelf Data Acquisition framework (otsdaq) for the Mu2e experiment. The Mu2e experiment will search for the coherent neutrino-less conversion of a muon into an electron in the field of an aluminum nucleus with a sensitivity improvement of 10,000 times over existing limits. Such a charged lepton...
Pulse Shape Discrimination (PSD) techniques, particularly the widely employed charge integration ratio method (Qratio), have conventionally proven effective in distinguishing fast neutrons from gamma rays in organic scintillation detectors. However, the utility of Qratio diminishes in the low-energy region (below 100keVee) due to overlapping signatures, leading to a suboptimal Figure of Merit...
ePIC is the first general purpose detector at the EIC (Electron Ion Collider) accelerator complex at BNL.
The data acquisition synchronization among the on-line computers and various detector sub-systems is described. The system includes a Global Timing Unit (GTU), hundreds of Data Aggragation Modules (DAM), and thousands of ReadOut units (RDO), (and countless cables, copper and fiber). ...
The Dalat Nuclear Research Reactor (DNRR) is the unique pool-type research reactor in Vietnam with the power output of 500 kW. The reactor core was upgraded from a 250 kW TRIGA Mark II research reactor. The DNRR is currently operating with low uranium-enriched (LEU) VVR-M2 fuel type. Kinetics parameters of the reactor core are important parameters to assess the safety operation of the nuclear...
A Faraday cup (FC) suitable for nA intensive beam has been developed to serve nuclear reaction study using the pelletron at the University of Science, Vietnam National University (HUS). Firstly, the FC operation was tested with proton beam of 1-3.2 MeV energies. The diversion of the scattered beam was checked with and without a natural boron target of 0.2 μm thickness on 1.95 μm aluminium...
The Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO) is designed to observe physical phenomena such as cosmic rays, the occurrence of which is unpredictable and therefore requires uninterrupted operation of the experiment system. However, failures are almost inevitable, and in the event of a system failure, the cause of the failure needs to be quickly analysed and repaired. The Fault...
Integrated Circuits(ICs) are widely used in satellites and aircraft. High energetic particles in the environment such as protons, electrons, and heavy ions will hit these devices causing Single Event Effect(SEE). The probability of the occurrence of SEE and the single event sensitive map of the devices are very concerned by researchers. To improve the efficiency and accuracy of SEE studies, a...
Clustering of calorimetric signals in the ATLAS detector has typically been performed using the topocluster algorithm, following cell signal-significance patterns. In this work we present a machine learning alternative to topoclustering. Using current topological cell clusters as indicators of physical significance we use a convolutional neural network (CNN) to identify regions of interest in...
The NEutron Detector Array (NEDA) is designed to improve the sensitivity of gamma-ray spectrometers by enabling the selection of reaction channels by counting evaporated neutrons. The detector cells react with both neutrons and gamma-rays. A double trigger condition system has been implemented in the detector signal digitisation firmware to enhance neutron acquisition and reduce the number of...
In recent years, nuclear spectroscopy has benefited from advances in the field of high-speed digital signal processing (DSP), enabling improved detector response and reduced dead time. The trapezoidal shaper, has been widely used for pulse processing in nuclear spectroscopy applications. Trapezoidal allows to fine tune the energy resolution and sustainable rate by selecting the shaping time....
The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is located about 53 kilometers from the Yangjiang and Taishan Nuclear Power Plants to measure the neutrino mass ordering and neutrino mixing parameters precisely. In order to meet the demand of the JUNO experiment for large data acquisition, the data flow software runs on roughly 100 computing nodes. This poses challenges for the online...
A common problem in larger nuclear physics experiments is the distribution of clocks and triggers between multiple types and instances of detector readout electronics. Measurements of the time difference of multiple, coincident interactions in separate radiation detectors, to sub-nanosecond precision, require the data to be time stamped with high accuracy across the system. In addition,...
The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is a multipurpose neutrino experiment designed to determine the neutrino mass ordering and precisely measure the oscillation parameters. In this experiment, there were 17612 large 20-inch photomultipliers (LPMTs) and 25600 small 3-inch PMTs (SPMTs), the Detector Control System (DCS) is responsible for the detection and controlling running...
The main scientific goals of the Very Large Area Gamma-ray Space Telescope (VLAST) include indirect detection of dark matter research based on gamma rays, detection of the MeV line spectrum of late kilonovae to confirm the origin of super-iron elements directly, etc. The VLAST plans to use silicon strip detector (SSD) to build a Silicon Tracker and low Energy gamma-ray Detector(STED) to...
The Faddeev-Alt-Grassberger-Sandhas (FAGS) equation is well-known the complete, unique and exact 3-body model to describe the (d, p) reactions. The FAGS model is thus typically used as a benchmark for other 3-body techniques. The FAGS calculations, however, are extremely intricate and time-consuming because they take into account the elastic, inelastic, transfer, and breakup reaction...
In this paper, we study two possible approaches to high-performance event building on the data acquisition (DAQ) system of the LHCb experiment. We show, using live experiments, that a synchronized design, that carefully schedules network communications to avoid network congestion, can obtain significantly better performance than a looser approach. However, this comes at the price of fault...
One of the main tasks of experimental research in the field of nuclear physics was and still is the task of obtaining information about the structure of the atomic nucleus. Such information can be obtained primarily in nuclear reactions. Among the huge variety of nuclear reactions, an important place is occupied by reactions caused by electromagnetic interactions.
The study of the nature and...
The JTAG protocol is still the most popular method to program the FPGA where a more intelligent technology is not applicable. These days, FPGA is often used in the environment where radiation level is high and space is limited. The original JTAG protocol is based on four lines of single-ended DC-coupled signals, and it is not designed for a long distance connection under such an environment....
The interlock system is in charge of the supervision and control of all components from potential accidents.At present, the interlock systems of each plant system are mostly implemented based on PLC, with a response time in the range of 10ms, and the interlock logic has been fixed. However, with the development of experimental requirements, new equipment and new plant systems with new...
Many accelerators require considerable electronic systems for early tests and verification. In Shenzhen Superconducting Soft X-ray Free Electron Laser (S3FEL), for example, we classify electronic systems into accelerator and beamline categories. The accelerator category includes laser systems, microwave systems, beam measurement systems, magnetic power supply systems, etc., while the beamline...
The amount of data generated by modern large-scale scientific instruments is tremendously vast, and the efficiency of data retrieval is of utmost importance. The FT601 is a high-performance USB3.0 to FIFO bridge chip, which can be utilized in applications that require high data throughput, such as multi-channel FIFO ADC or DAC devices. This paper presents the design of a circuit board that...
Transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis (ATTR-CA) is an increasingly recognized cause of heart failure. This study aimed to identify the prevalence and characteristics of ATTR-CA among heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). A prospective single-center study included patients aged > 65 years with a diagnosis of HFpEF (EF >50%) between November 2021 and December 2022. A total 124...
This study explores the application of machine learning, specifically a one-dimensional Convolutional Neural Network (1D CNN), to differentiate the signals from cosmic rays from those of background when using a single plastic scintillation detector. A comprehensive dataset, combining signals from cosmic ray and gamma events, was collected for the machine learning approach. The 1D CNN model,...
A design of readout electronics for a prototype electron-tracking Compton camera has been developed recently. The Compton camera will be a high-resolution MeV gamma-ray telescope in space. The telescope comprises a 30 cm cubic gaseous time-projection chamber (TPC) for electron tracking and energy measurement, with a
Implementing digital signal processing (DSP) solutions on FPGAs is a challenging task that requires technical knowledge of the system and the functionality of algorithms. Using High-Level Synthesis (HLS) tools for handling DSP tasks accelerates the implementation process and reduces the development stage. Moreover, HLS solutions decrease FPGA verification time and provide flexibility for...
In magnetic confinement fusion devices, e.g., Tokamak, plasma position measurements play an important role in the safety protection and the prevention of disruption. Plasma density profiles can be used as important reference for calculating plasma positions. Therefore, real-time reconstruction of plasma density profiles has been attempted by many researchers. In this paper, a deep neural...
The online data visualization system is an essential component of the data acquisition system, delivering swift, efficient, and comprehensive real-time monitoring for detectors and readout electronics. Simultaneously, ROOT, an open-source software framework for data analysis in high-energy physics, provides a variety of data analysis tools. Utilizing ROOT-based online histogram monitoring,...
Many scientific applications from rare-event searches to condensed matter system characterization to high-rate nuclear experiments require time-domain triggering on a raw stream of data, where the triggering is generally threshold-based or randomly acquired. When carrying out detector R&D, there is a need for a general data acquisition (DAQ) system to quickly and efficiently process such data....
Since the first plasma operation in 2015, the superconducting fusion experiment Wendelstein 7-X has successfully completed 4 experiment campaigns (OP1.1, OP12a, OP1.2b, and OP2.1). The current machine maintenance phase will be completed end of 20232, followed by the commissioning of W7-X. The scientific plasma operation phase OP2.2 is planned from June 2024.
The Trigger Time Event System is...
The Tien River flowing through the area of Sa Dec - Cao Lanh - Chau Thanh in Dong Thap Province, covering a stretch of approximately 22 kilometers, is a meandering section with dangerous erosion on the Tien and Hau River system, along with alluvial ground developing in river changing the flow. The development of alluvial ground combined with fish raft farming and sand exploitation has led to...
Circular electron positron collider (CEPC) is proposed to research Higgs and particle flow algorithm (PFA) is expected to be adopted to get a high energy resolution. As a PFA calorimeter, CEPC hadronic calorimeter (HCAL) has the feature of fine granularity, which raise demands of high integration, low noise and low power consumption to the readout electronics. The scintillator analog hadronic...
Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) are new type of high-performance semiconductor detectors, which inherit most of the advantages of semiconductor detectors and have good performance in terms of gain, signal-to-noise ratio and response speed. SiPM also has high photon detection efficiency and excellent time resolution, which is comparable to high-performance PMT. This manuscript tested the...
WEST, the Tungsten Environment Steady state Tokamak at IRFM (France), is currently being equipped with two new plasma-monitoring systems based on Thomson Scattering. The intensity and spectrum of the scattered fraction of photons of an incident LASER pulse holds information on the density and temperature of electrons in the plasma, which are two essential parameters for plasma physics and...
The Super Tau-Charm Facility (STCF) under construction in China demands for a new Electromagnetic Calorimeter (ECAL) with good time measuring capability to realize background suppression and gamma-neutron discrimination. The time measurement requirements include high resolution, large dynamic range and multi-channel integration. Therefore, we adopted a 3-level-structure based Time-to-Digital...
The Method of Characteristics (MOC) has been proved as an effective method to solve many-group neutron transport problems for full core Light Water Reactor (LWR) analysis. The method has been widely used to solve 2D lattice physics problems due to its ability to provide high accuracy solutions to problems with geometric details. Due to the computational and memory expensive of solving full...
In the work, we studied the influences of dead layer thickness on the whole gamma
spectrum response for HPGe detector by using Monte Carlo simulation. From the
simulated relation of the FEPEs and the dead layer thicknesses, the dead layer thickness
of 0.567 mm was derived which increased compared with the nominal value of 0.46 mm
from manufacturer after 4 years of operation. The...
In 2023 the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) Data Acquisition (DAQ) system transitioned to the new Ethernet based readout. The adaption of the Ethernet protocol mainly required integration aspects to the available generic and modular readout subsystem. This work includes a completely new I/O device library implementation, interfacing with the detector electronics via a firmware...
The Radio Frequency Protection Interlock safety system is integral to the modern accelerator infrastructure. It is responsible for instantaneous RF signal permits drop in case of sudden cavities operation conditions violations.
Information about the cryogenic system status, coupler bias high voltage and current, electron pick-up current level, temperatures, RF signal leakage, LLRF system...
Abstract: This article introduces the calibration process of the upgraded version HEPS-BPIX40 of the hybrid array pixel detector HEPS-BPIX designed for the China High Energy Synchrotron Radiation Source. The detector consists of 40 detection modules spliced together to form an approximately 6M pixel array, and has achieved a key improvement from measuring X-rays of one energy to measuring...
SDHCAL (Semi-Digital Hadronic Calorimeter) is a highly granular hadronic calorimeter based on PFA (Particle Flow Algorithms). A prototype of SDHCAL was completed and tested in 2011 and 2012.
The idea of T-SDHCAL (T for Timing) is intended to gain better reconstruction of particle energy. High resolution timing technics can help separate close-by showers and reduce the confusion for a better...
Verification and Validation of Real-Time Diagnostics for the KSTAR Plasma Control System
R. Ramon 1, K. Erickson 1, M. Podesta 1, J. Yoo 1,
Steve SABBAGH 2,
J. Bak 3, W. Ko 3, M. Choi 3, J. Lee 3, and K, D. Lee 3
1PPPL, USA, 2Columbia University, USA, 3KFE, Korea
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Princeton University Plasma Physics Laboratory, NJ, USA
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Email address: reedrm@pppl.gov
Abstract
The...
The Monte Carlo simulation toolkit is widely used for simulating particle interactions and propagation through matter, particularly in medical imaging and radiation therapy experiments. The display of the GATE/GEANT4 simulation configuration highly depends on the operating system. This study aims to develop a web-based tool where users can quickly view the simulation configuration through a...
