AGN accretion discs cannot be directly resolved, making flux variability a powerful probe of their internal structure and accretion processes. However, host galaxy contamination complicates variability studies of low-luminosity AGN. To address this gap, we characterise the optical variability of a sample of ~250 low-luminosity AGN at z < 0.1 through the ensemble variability structure function...
The radial migration and chemical evolution of the stars in the Milky Way disc can be studied through the dynamics, distribution and chemical abundances of open clusters. With the latest GALAH DR4 catalogue, we are now able to work with refined stellar parameters and up to 30 elemental abundances per star. I will present my work on obtaining a revised catalogue of open cluster stars, with 76...
The SDSS-V Local Volume Mapper (LVM) survey is delivering unprecedented spectroscopic information about our galaxy, enabling detailed studies of star formation and galaxy evolution across a wide range of spatial scales. LVM is uniquely positioned to map energy and momentum transport, chemical abundances, and the thermal structure of the interstellar medium, down to 0.05 parsecs. Weak emission...
A galaxy’s total radiation arises from a combination of processes including star formation, dust and gas reprocessing, accretion, and magnetic interactions. While star formation typically dominates the optical and infrared emission of galaxies, AGNs contribute significantly at X-ray, mid-infrared, and radio wavelengths. Even a modest AGN contribution can bias key derived quantities such as...
Now more than 150 years old, the technique of aperture masking interferometry has played a crucial role in high angular resolution astronomy, allowing ground-based observatories to achieve sub-seeing-limited precision. Today, when complemented with adaptive optics, aperture masking continues to provide high-resolution observations, pushing beyond the classical diffraction limit. However,...
The hot intracluster gas within galaxy clusters experiences shocks, mergers, and active galactic nucleus (AGN)-driven feedback, all of which drive its overall pressure distribution, which is crucial for understanding the mass and composition of these systems. 'Non-thermal pressure' (NTP) - gas pressure not attributed to random motion - is generated during these processes, but is challenging to...
I present SPICE, a framework designed to efficiently generate time-series synthetic spectra for stars with surface inhomogeneities such as spots, binary occultation, abundance anomalies, radial pulsations, and non-spherical symmetry. These effects have been studied in photometry, interferometry, and spectroscopy before, but there's an unfilled niche for tools capable of processing and fitting...
NSW has Siding Spring, Murriyang, and the Australia Telescope Compact Array, WA has the MWA, ASKAP, and SKA-Low, Queensland has the Mount Kent Observatory, Victoria has the Stawell Underground Physics Lab, Tasmania had Grote Reber's Square Kilometer Array and has several other radio-telescopes, and the NT has the Katherine AuScope antenna -- can SA offer anything astronomical? Yes it can! This...
Since their discovery in 1912, the origin of cosmic rays remains a mystery. The energy spectrum of cosmic rays suggests that these charged particles can be accelerated up to PeV energies within our Galaxy by so-called PeVatrons. As these charged particles propagate through the Galaxy, they are deflected by interstellar magnetic fields, as such we cannot trace them back. Instead, alternative...
The remarkable discovery by Y. Wang et al. (2021, MNRAS 502, 3294) of multiple scintillating AGN behind a nearby (within 20pc), long and narrow interstellar plasma filament (1.7 degrees by 4 arcmin on the sky) heralded a new era in studies of scintillating radio sources, made possible by widefield radio telescopes such as ASKAP. The finding has important implications for understanding the...
Compact Symmetric Objects, CSOs, are very compact, double-lobed radio galaxies, < 1 kiloparsec in extent. Understanding the population of CSOs has important implications for radio galaxy formation and evolution, but CSOs represent only a very small fraction (~5%) of bright, compact radio sources found in flux density limited surveys. The vast majority of sources are dominated by asymmetric...
Astrophysical jets powered by accretion onto supermassive black holes at the centre of galaxies are among the most energetic phenomena in our universe. Charged particles are accelerated along the jets to relativistic speeds, emitting synchrotron radiation observable at radio frequencies. Jets provide feedback and regulate star formation by interacting with the dense clumps of gas in their host...
We present photometric observations of SN2019vxm, a long-lasting, highly luminous Type IIn supernova, including a high-cadence rise captured by TESS. SN2019vxm has a broad range of electromagnetic detections ranging from Swift x-rays and ultraviolet through to near-infrared ground based surveys. By fitting a broken power-law model to the TESS light curve, we constrain the explosion time...
We present KAKAPO, the Kepler and K2 Analysis of Phast-evolving Objects pipeline for detecting transients in the Kepler/K2 space telescope. KAKAPO reliably recovers known transient events using effective Point-Spread Function Correlation matching and is currently searching for new events. In this poster we present the pipeline and the initial results.
An Active Galactic Nucleus (AGN) is the compact central region of a galaxy hosting a supermassive black hole that accretes gas and dust from its surroundings, often producing powerful outflows. Studying AGN provides critical insights into galaxy evolution and AGN-host interactions. Unlike the Northern Hemisphere, the Southern Sky remains underexplored in terms of AGN catalogues.
We present...
Among the mysteries of Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs) is how they direct, or 'beam' their energy. Despite observations of over 1000 FRBs from unique sources, the majority of the leading theories for emission mechanisms include some form of beaming, but this is often ignored for simplicity. Interpretations of features in the energy distribution, such as bimodality and broken power-laws implicitly...
The variable continuum emission from AGN can be used to probe the structure of their accretion disks via reverberation mapping analysis. Assuming a hot inner light source irradiating the outer accretion disk, time lags between light curves in different passbands reveal light-travel times between their emission regions. Previous work on several low-luminosity AGN found 3x longer lag times than...
When Wolf-Rayet stars are together with a massive companion in a close binary, their winds may collide to copiously form dust. This occurs at the shock of the wind-wind collision, and the orbital motion wraps this dust cone into a highly structure spiral nebula that expands away from the inner binary. State of the art ground-based and space telescopes (such as the VLT and JWST) are observing...
The origin of the slow solar wind (SSW) remains an open question in solar physics, with significant implications for understanding space weather and its impact on Earth. A leading hypothesis for the SSW origin is interchange reconnection at the interface between open and closed magnetic flux in the corona, suggesting that the closed flux near coronal hole boundaries influences the composition...
NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO), launched in 2010, is a monitoring mission capturing full disk images of the Sun at a number of wavelengths with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution. The SDO has generated an enormous amount of data over its operational lifetime, making it necessary to store the data in a searchable database for efficient access. We have established the...
Joy’s Law describes the systematic tilt of bipolar active regions on the Sun: the leading (prograde) magnetic polarity tends to emerge closer to the equator than the trailing (retrograde) polarity. This tilt increases with latitude and is attributed to the Coriolis force. In this study, we model the effect of the Coriolis force on a rising magnetic flux tube using a 3D Cartesian...
With the current upgrade of IceCube undergoing and IceCube Gen 2 on the way, along with KM3NeT in the Mediterranean Sea observing the most energetic neutrino event ever before even being finished, multi-messenger astronomy is becoming more and more prevalent than ever. However, one question remains unanswered: How many neutrino sources are there in the Universe? IceCube has provided evidence...
This poster showcases how interstellar absorption features in high-resolution optical spectra from the GALAH survey — including neutral potassium (K I) and diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs) — can be used to trace the cold ISM across our Galaxy.
To highlight this amazing potential, we present first results by Nguyen, Buder et al. (in prep.), where we combine GALAH K I absorption with GASKAP HI...
Debris discs are composed of planetesimal belts containing asteroids and comets that produce dust grains in mutual collisions. Radiation pressure forces acting upon the smallest of these grains can drive them onto eccentric orbits, spreading them far from the point of original production site of the planetesimal belt. Non-conservative forces, such as the P-R effect, can pull grains inwards...
Stellar feedback is thought to play a key role in regulating the gas-star formation cycle in galaxies, disrupting star-forming regions and driving outflows that can suppress star formation. However, most insights into these mechanisms come from starburst galaxies, limiting our broader understanding of their impact on galaxy evolution. In this talk, I will present the discovery of an ionized...
The origin of high-energy cosmic rays remains one of the most investigated open questions in astroparticle physics. The presence of the knee in the cosmic-ray energy spectrum is particularly interesting, as it indicates the maximum energy that cosmic rays within our Galaxy can be accelerated to. To search for possible sites of Galactic cosmic-ray acceleration, we can look for gamma rays that...
To reveal the nature of high-energy gamma-ray sources and to understand the associated emission and acceleration mechanisms, we need detailed models capable of reproducing the observed energy spectra and morphologies. Gamma rays can be produced in non-thermal radiation processes involving protons and electrons interacting with the interstellar medium (ISM). These protons and electrons...
Astronomical images can reveal circular structures arising from various phenomena. For instance, a shock propagating through the interstellar medium can sweep up material, creating voids, while relativistic electrons within shock and magnetic fields generate synchrotron radiation across the radio to X-ray bands. Commonly, these circular features are identified through a mostly manual...
In this talk, I will present a series of my recent work on HI kinematics, focusing on the Andromeda galaxy (M31), as one of the major key science projects of the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Radio Telescope (FAST). FAST’s unparalleled sensitivity delivers high-dynamic-range HI data that reveal remarkably complex kinematic structures, while simultaneously posing challenges for data...
The discovery of diffuse radio emission in galaxy clusters has been key to understanding the physical non-thermal processes shaping large-scale structures. For many years, galaxy groups were not contemplated as distinct astrophysical systems but rather as low-mass extensions of galaxy clusters. In reality, galaxy groups are common yet critical environments for studying galaxy evolution, the...
Spectral Energy Distribution fitting is a technique that forms the backbone for much of extragalactic analysis. From the vast samples of galaxies in modern galaxy redshift surveys, to the highest redshift galaxies from JWST, SED fitting is our best mechanism by which to derive properties like mass, star formation, and age of these galaxies.
The more we push these techniques, either in trying...
This poster presents a multi-frequency view of one of the largest and most evolved supernova remnants (SNRs) in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), J0450-7050. As one of the Milky Way's closest galactic neighbours, the LMC provides a clear view of the entire SNR population in the galaxy, allowing us to analyse their properties, evolution, and impact on the surrounding galaxy environment....
Narrowband optical imaging is a useful tool for helping to characterise some high-energy sources, such as SNR and other sources producing gaseous emission lines. In particular, removal of continuum light from such narrowband images greatly improves the visibility of the emission line sources. Initial experiments in this regard, at Adelaide, will be described.
Extracting high quality calibrated lightcurves from TESS Full Frame Images can often be challenging due to high levels of scattered light, low spatial resolution, and broad bandpass. These challenges limit what phenomena that TESS can be used to study. The TESSreduce pipeline solves these challenges by providing flux calibrated PSF photometry for any TESS target with a single line of python...
The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) contains a wealth of information on asteroids. As irregularly shaped asteroids tumble across the TESS field their brightness changes periodically. To date TESS has observed thousands of asteroids at high cadence. With the TESSELLATE transient pipeline we have identified and extracted 10 minute cadence lightcurves of all asteroids brighter than...
Core Collapse Supernovae are powerful explosions marking the death of
massive stars. One of the most uncertain aspects of our understanding of the final stages of stellar evolution is the connection between the progenitor star, the type of explosion, and the resulting outcome, such as the formation of a compact object and/or an observable supernova. With the advent of ground-based optical...
Since its discovery by the Fermi-LAT space telescope, the galactic centre gamma-ray excess (GCE) has been the subject of intensive investigation in high-energy astrophysics. In this presentation, I will share progress on a current effort to model the GCE and determine if the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO) will be able to distinguish between two prevalent hypotheses of the GCE...
The 21 cm line, produced by the hyperfine transition in the ground state of neutral hydrogen, makes an ideal tracer of the Epoch of Reionisation (EoR). Detecting this signal comes with many challenges, notably, strong foreground emissions and RFI, which are orders of magnitude brighter than the 21 cm signal.
Much of the work in EoR science involves methods to address these challenges. In this...
We investigate the baryonic Tully-Fisher relation using data from the WALLABY pilot survey, which includes a total sample of 2,352 galaxies. To accurately measure line widths of HI global profiles, we develop and apply a spectral profile fitting technique based on the Busy Function (Westmeier+2014), which effectively reduces systematic biases caused by noise peaks in low S/N spectra. This...
The problem of resolving both AGN and star formation feedback, operating through galactic-scale outflows, remains constrained by the limited spectral resolution of many ongoing galaxy surveys. Detecting outflows (as well as inflows) via emission-line kinematics from ionised species depends on multi-component fitting, which is highly sensitive to goodness-of-fit, overfitting criteria and...
Changes in the brightness of fast transients, observed over hours to months, can reveal the mass distribution of galaxies that lie along the line of sight. These galaxies deflect light from the source via gravitational microlensing. The difference in path length of individual rays, paired with variations in gravitational potential, change the arrival time of lensed light. These microlensing...
Studies of resolved kinematics can provide key insights into the impact of mergers on galaxy dynamical stability and gas turbulence. Studies of low redshift and simulated galaxies have found that merging events can cause enhanced star formation, complex, non-disc-like rotation and increased turbulence. Work has also been done to study the impact of mergers at higher redshift (z > 1), however...
The Evolutionary Map of the Universe (EMU) is currently conducting a radio-continuum survey with the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) radio telescope. We can use the radio continuum galaxies from EMU to perform an observational test of General Relativity (GR) via cosmic magnification in the weak gravitational lensing regime; a key science goal of the cosmology project...
Mergers are fundamental to our understanding of the processes that drive the evolution of the structure and morphology of galaxies, star formation, AGN activity, and the redistribution of stellar mass in the Universe. Therefore, determining the fraction and properties of mergers across cosmic time is crucial for understanding the formation of the Universe we observe today. There are multiple...
Colliding black holes send ripples through space-time in the form of gravitational waves. The waves from the final ringing created by the disturbed remnant black hole settling into a stable state after the collision are encoded with clues about the nature of gravity. By analysing these waves in a method called black hole spectroscopy, we can test Einstein’s theory of general relativity in...
Potential contamination from low/intermediate-redshift galaxies, such as objects with a prominent Balmer break, affects the photometric selection of high-redshift galaxies through identification of a Lyman break. Traditionally, contamination is estimated from spectroscopic follow-up and/or simulations. Here, we introduce a novel approach to estimating contamination for Lyman-break galaxy (LBG)...
The origin of black holes at high redshift that seem to have several billion solar masses is an unsolved mystery. However, their mass estimates are based on extrapolations of relations established among lower-mass black holes in lower-luminosity AGN at low redshift. Here, we discuss issues we have found with current assumptions and present new programs to estimate more reliably the black hole...
Estimating supermassive black hole masses in AGN mostly relies on the virial method, which uses the radius-luminosity (R-L) relation to determine the radius of the broad line region (BLR). The R-L relation heavily depends on the assumption that the BLR is virialised. A volume-complete two-epoch Southern Sky AGN sample at $z<0.1$ and high-cadence monitoring of NGC 5548 have revealed significant...
Redshifts are crucial for nearly all extragalactic and cosmological studies. Upcoming wide-field surveys, such as the Evolutionary Map of the Universe (EMU), will catalogue millions of sources, making spectroscopic follow-ups unfeasible at scale. Though sensitive to band selection and availability, photometry yields redshifts (photo-$\textit{z}$s) for fainter sources while optimising telescope...
Accurate measurements of halo masses for galaxy groups are essential for understanding the connection between dark matter and baryons. We present two newly developed methods for improving halo mass estimates, calibrated using semi-analytical simulations. Relations are first calibrated against SHARK v2.0, and cross-validated with the independent SAGE model to assess sensitivity to underlying...
The James Webb Space Telescope has exceeded the expectations of the exoplanet community: revealing the first high quality transmission spectra of exoplanet atmospheres, including numerous (and sometimes controversial) detections of molecular features; revealing the dusty nebulae where planets are born, both in spectra and imaging; and direct imaging of young planets on distant orbits. I will...
On 23 June 2025, the Rubin Observatory released its first on-sky images after several months of testing and calibration. Six-filter images in the COSMOS field have been successfully obtained and reduced through the full automated pipeline. Distortion and illumination corrections have been refined. It is now ‘all systems go’. This talk is presented on behalf of the Australian LSST...
The IceCube Neutrino Observatory at the South Pole has been fully operational for over a decade. With a cubic kilometre of deep ice as the detection volume, the detector has seen thousands of astrophysical neutrinos from across the sky. Initially, these were observed as an unresolved diffuse flux, but with recent improvements in event selection and reconstruction the first distinct sources are...
Despite the essential driving role dark matter (DM) plays in galaxy evolution, it is still unclear what the DM halo of an individual galaxy looks like. In this talk I will present two approaches to studying DM haloes in terms of their total mass and density distribution.
First, we used data from the integral field spectrograph KCWI to investigate the DM halo of a faint dwarf elliptical using...
The origin of cosmic rays has been an active area of research since their discovery over a century ago. Supernova remnants (SNRs) are believed to be able to accelerate cosmic rays up to the ‘knee’ of the observed cosmic-ray spectrum via diffusive shock acceleration, a feature likely indicating the maximum cosmic-ray energy achieved in our Galaxy. Although the acceleration at SNR shocks has...
Massive quiescent galaxies (MQGs) at high redshift present an intriguing puzzle: what are their host halo masses, and how do their halo mass functions evolve from reionization (z∼6) to cosmic noon (z∼2)? Recent JWST observations have revealed a surprisingly large population of MQGs at these early epochs, challenging existing formation models. In this talk, I will address these questions using...
Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) are essential tools for measuring cosmic distances, yet their standardisation remains imperfect. Even after correcting for light-curve properties, residual correlations with host galaxy properties such as mass persist. Correcting for the so-called mass step is crucial for precise measurements in cosmological analysis, and its origin remains poorly understood.
In...
Supernova remnants (SNRs) have long been proposed as potential sources of galactic cosmic rays. However, current gamma-ray observations at GeV energies lack the angular resolution required to effectively trace low-energy cosmic rays. Ionised gas tracers such as the 1.9 THz fine-structure line of carbon ([C II]) offer arc-minute resolution and thus a promising probe of cosmic rays in the GeV...
In this talk I will present the some of the peculiar velocity measurements from the first year of observations from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) which will be used alongside redshift space distortion measurements to constrain the growth rate of structure. Over five years DESI is using a 5000 fibre spectrograph to map 3D positions of tens of millions of galaxies. At the same...
We present the deepest radio continuum observations of the Galactic globular cluster Terzan 5. While past timing surveys of Terzan 5 have been highly successful, discovering nearly 50 pulsars, continuum imaging offers a complementary approach to identifying and characterising these sources. Imaging is especially useful for finding eclipsing pulsars, which are often difficult to identify in...
Pulsars are fast rotating neutron stars (NSs) that are associated with high energy processes and gravitational wave emission. To date, over 3500 pulsars have been detected, with the majority of them seen in radio and around 300 pulsars detected in gamma-rays. In this work, we implement prescriptions for pulsar evolution within the binary population synthesis code COMPAS, enabling a...
Hydrogen Lyman-alpha (Lyα) emission is a powerful tool for probing the high-redshift Universe. The emergent Lyα spectra provide insights into the kinematics of the circumgalactic medium (CGM) and the structure of the interstellar medium (ISM) in Lyα emitters (LAEs). Additionally, determining the timing of reionization and identifying sources capable of emitting sufficient ionizing photons...
Neutron stars are born with high proper motions, known as neutron star kicks. It is widely accepted that the kicks are a result of asymmetries in the core-collapse supernova mechanism, which accelerate the neutron star on the dynamical timescale of the core (~10s). In the 1970s, alternate models proposed that asymmetries in the magnetic field could slowly accelerate neutron stars by converting...
Omega Centauri is the largest and most massive globular cluster in the Milky Way. Due to its size and complex evolution, it has long been considered a promising candidate for hosting an intermediate-mass black hole (IMBH). Recent findings from fast-moving stars in the central region of Omega Cen indicate the presence of a large amount of unseen mass at the core of this cluster. We present...
The cosmological principle — the foundational axiom that defines modern cosmology — states that the universe is homogeneous and isotropic on large scales. But this assumption, while elegant, must be tested. Recent observations — including the Hubble tension and our unexplained local bulk motion relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background — suggest that the nearby universe may contain structure...
Several hundred compact binary mergers have now been observed in gravitational waves by LIGO, Virgo and KAGRA. Most of these are binary black hole mergers. The origin of these merging binaries is currently uncertain; they may originate from massive binary stars, be dynamically formed in star clusters or galactic nuclei, or may have contributions from multiple formation channels. We study the...
Most massive stars reside in triple or higher-order gravitationally bound systems. The coupled stellar and dynamical evolution in these systems makes predictions for stellar interactions and mergers particularly challenging. I will present a novel semi-analytical model that traces the evolution of an inner chemically homogeneous binary within a hierarchical triple and predicts its final fate...
The first billion years of cosmic history set the stage for the galaxies we observe today, yet key uncertainties remain in how the earliest stellar populations shaped galaxy evolution across time. A critical missing piece is the stellar initial mass function (IMF), which governs star formation and impacts derived galaxy properties — from stellar masses to chemical enrichments. While nearby...
Fast radio bursts (FRBs) are intense pulses of radio emission now known to originate in distant galaxies. They are showing their promise as tools to understand extreme physical processes and environments, and as powerful probes of the diffuse cosmic web of baryons, nearly impossible to study otherwise. One of the key instruments for detecting and studying FRBs has been the Australian SKA...
Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB) stars are known as key sites of dust production in the Galaxy. Most Sun-like stars with masses in the range 0.8 to 8 $M_\odot$ will pass through the AGB phase, during which they will lose a substantial amount of material. This mass loss is powered by radiation pressure through a pulsation-enhanced dust-driven wind. I will present new high angular resolution...
Due to their short timescales and sensitivity to radio propagation effects over cosmological volumes, high redshift Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs) are expected to be extremely powerful probes of our Universe. However, while a significant number of FRBs are expected to exist at high redshifts, detecting them has been difficult, with few confirmed at redshifts greater than one. In many other fields,...
Post-giant binaries are unique systems that host stable circumbinary disks, formed from previously ejected stellar material, and exhibit unusual orbital characteristics resulting from complex binary interactions. Gas from the disk, which is deficient in heavy elements, is re-accreted onto the central stars, producing metal-poor surface abundances $\rm{-}$ a phenomenon known as chemical...
In synchrotron transients, relativistic or sub-relativistic outflows interact with the surrounding medium, producing shocks that accelerate electrons and amplify magnetic fields. This generates synchrotron radiation observable at radio wavelengths. While the emission mechanism is broadly similar across events, variations in progenitor systems lead to a wide range of outflow velocities,...
Protoplanetary discs (PPDs) of dust and gas around young stellar objects are now routinely imaged using high angular resolution facilities. Various substructures detected in these images serve as critical signposts of fundamental disc physics and inter-component interactions with the central star(s) or embedded sub-stellar companions. However, a certain class of evolved stars, called...
The 21 cm hydrogen line is a powerful probe of the intergalactic medium (IGM), enabling us to infer its thermal and ionisation history through statistical fluctuations measured via the power spectrum. In this talk, we present the deepest upper limits on the 21 cm power spectrum at redshifts z = 6.5, 6.8, and 7, derived from Murchison Widefield Array observations spanning 2013 to 2023. The...
SKA-Low construction is fully underway and making rapid progress. At this early stage, four stations are available for use as an integrated interferometric array. The SKA-Low Science Commissioning team has been able to demonstrate basic array calibration and has produced a first image from this initial test array. In this poster we will demonstrate imaging outcomes from the first four SKA-Low...
As operations for the SKA-Low telescope ramp up, scaling the operator team to support 24/7 observations presents both logistical and technical challenges. This talk outlines our implementation of a ‘follow-the-sun’ style model between teams in Australia, South Africa and the UK, and the training strategy developed to ensure consistent knowledge transfer and operational readiness across sites....
The ASKAP Telescope is a cm-band synthesis imaging telescope operated by CSIRO at Inyarrimanha Ilgari Bundara, the CSIRO Murchison Radio-astronomy Observatory in Western Australia. Its innovative phased-array-feed (PAF) receivers give ASKAP the wide field-of-view that makes it excellent at conducting large-scale surveys of the sky. This comes, however, at the cost of high data rates....
The University of Southern Queensland operates Mt Kent Observatory as a robotic and remote-access astronomical and space research facility on behalf of Australian and international partners. The site hosts robotic telescopes for MINERVA-Australis exoplanet characterisation, for Stellar Observations Network Group asteroseismology, and for Shared Skies partnership remote-access astronomy. The...
The VAST Survey has been collecting data over the last four years using ASKAP to study radio transients. It has provided us with the most comprehensive radio time domain survey ever conducted, which gives us an invaluable opportunity to study radio transients, particularly Gamma-ray Burst (GRB) orphan afterglows, an area yet to be investigated using this dataset. GRBs are relativistic...
We present PyKOALA, an open-source Python package developed to streamline the reduction of integral field spectroscopy (IFS) data. Initially conceived as a specialist pipeline to complement the outputs of 2dfdr and enhance data reduction for the Kilofibre Optical AAT Lenslet Array (KOALA) Integral Field Unit (IFU), PyKOALA has evolved into a versatile, multi-instrument framework. It now offers...
The Evolutionary Map of the Universe (EMU) survey, conducted using the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP), aims to detect approximately 20 million radio galaxies, providing an unparalleled opportunity to explore galaxy evolution and uncover previously unknown astrophysical phenomena. However, the scale and complexity of this dataset go beyond the capabilities of traditional...
With the deprecation of Drupal 7 in January 2025, Data Central has fully transitioned the Lens platform to Django, a robust Python-based web framework. Originally developed in PHP and Drupal in 2015, Lens has long supported Time Allocation Committees (TAC) across major facilities such as the Anglo-Australian Telescope (AAT). Since being used for the 2024B semester on the ANU 2.3m Telescope,...
With ANU 2.3m Telescope observational data now being archived in the Data Central Archives system, observers can now receive their reduced data quicker than ever. As new observations come off the telescope, they are transferred into the Data Central Archives system where the data then gets reduced as part of the archival workflow. The implementation of the pyWiFeS pipeline automatically...
The successful automation of the ANU 2.3m telescope has unlocked the potential for extensive spectroscopic campaigns with the existing WiFeS integral field spectrograph. In this poster we describe a complementary near-infrared spectrograph concept to be located at the second Nasmyth focus. We present two conceptual designs for NIR spectrographs covering the J and H band, as well as highlight...
Data Central now provides multiple ways to access and use data hosted with us, whether via the web UI, the VO services or our science platform. In this talk, we will outline what your options are and which parts of your workflow would most benefit from which tools.
Optical communication is an alternative to radio for ground-to-space communication, providing more flexibility, larger bandwidth, and higher security. However, optical links are much more sensitive to the atmospheric turbulence. While downlinks can be corrected with adaptive optics (AO) at the ground terminal, uplinks present a more significant challenge due to power and space constraints. We...
The Cherenkov Telescope Array is the next-generation observatory (CTAO) for ground-based gamma- ray astronomy. With more than 100 telescopes equipped with state-of-the-art technologies, it will provide a new view of the sky at energies from 20 GeV to 300 TeV at unprecedented sensitivity and angular resolution. CTAO will be a key contributor to multi-wavelength and multi-messenger astronomy,...
As the SKA timeline towards science progresses, the SKAO aims to engage with the user community to define early access to the SKA telescopes through Science Verification planning. This talk will be a distillation of multiple presentations at the SKAO Science meeting in Görlitz earlier this year, focusing on SKAO’s work in preparation for full science operations. Furthermore, I will present...
The stellar populations and their distributions in and around galaxies record the evolutionary history of a galaxy. The gas from which stars form may have experienced dilution from pristine gas or enrichment from previous generations of stars. Alternatively, enriched gas may escape through stellar winds or AGN feedback in a shallow potential well. The structure and depth of the local...
Motivated by the need to explain why galaxy spin is more strongly correlated to internal properties of galaxies such as star formation rate and stellar population age, rather than mass or environment, we look at how bar formation can change the observed galaxy spin measurement within one effective radius. Using a suite of galaxy simulations, we find when bar formation occurs and identify the...
M67 is a dynamically evolved open cluster in the Milky Way, making it an ideal testbed for stellar and binary evolution theory. Due to its nearness and relatively low levels of dust in the line-of-sight, it has been extensively observed. We create $N$-body models of the old open cluster M67 (NGC 2682), taking into account its dynamical evolution as well as stellar and binary evolution of its...
In Galactic archaeology, the “alpha-knee” – where the slope of the [α/Fe]–[Fe/H] relation changes – is a chemical feature that serves as a powerful diagnostic of star formation histories in galaxies. The characteristics of this knee depend on the nucleosynthetic sources of the α-elements (O, Mg, Si, S, and Ca) and their evolution relative to [Fe/H] enrichment, providing us with information on...
By now, most Australian astronomers have heard of the ever-evolving group known as GALAH*. With the recent drop of their fourth data release, it's the perfect time to revisit some of the standout tracks — and preview what’s next in this growing catalogue of Galactic hits.
Tracklist:
1. The Galactic Mashup: Decoding the Milky Way's merger history with GALAH observations and NIHAO-UHD...
I present a novel approach to classify stellar streams and shells using the clustering algorithm AstroLink. This density-driven approach is applied to tidally disrupted stellar shells and streams formed in mock MW static haloes. AstroLink can identify the structures formed from the N-body simulations and provide clues to identifying streams and shells based on the ordered density distribution....
Neutral atomic hydrogen (HI) is a key component of the cold gas reservoir that fuels star formation in galaxies. However, global HI scaling relations often show significant scatter, partly because HI typically extends well beyond the stellar discs where most star formation occurs. A major limitation in resolving this connection has been the lack of spatially resolved HI data for large galaxy...
We present radio--continuum detections of the shells surrounding the well-known WN8 type Wolf-Rayet stars WR16 and WR40 at 943.5 MHz using the ASKAP EMU survey. These stars are easily identifiable by their surrounding outbursts of stellar material. WR16 is well known for its ring-like shell, whereas WR40's shell is elongated with non-uniform expansion. We analyse both stars and their shells as...
Veloce is a high-resolution (λ/∆λ = 80,000), stabilized, echelle spectrograph at the 3.9m Anglo-Australian Telescope, optimized for bright star observations. It covers 396–940 nm across three spectral arms. A persistent issue has been electronic cross-talk in the red “Rosso” arm, where electronic ghost images appear in one quadrant due to bright pixels in another quadrant. This cross-talk is...
Cluster environments influence galaxy evolution by regulating star formation activity, notably through ram-pressure stripping (RPS), where the intracluster medium removes cold gas available for star formation as galaxies move through it. This may leave observable signatures, such as gas tails, truncated gas disks, and regions exhibiting intense star formation triggered by compression. Using...
We present an overview of the science program and instrument design for VelocePol - a polarimetric module for the Veloce spectrograph on the Anglo-Australian Telescope. This will provide much needed spectropolarimetric capabilities in the Southern sky for studies of stellar magnetism in the coming era of SKA-low and PLATO.
The PICSARR (Polarimeter using Imaging CMOS Sensor and Rotating Retarder) design was first tested in 2021. Several of these instruments have now been built and are used at several sites in Australia and the USA. Improvements in the latest versions enable observations of much fainter stars while still providing high-precision and wide wavelength coverage. These instruments allow small...
We have made the first complete survey of the linear polarization of all southern stars brighter than V=4. The 391 stars have been observed in the g' band to a median precision of 11 parts-per-million, more than 30 times better than previous incomplete surveys. Stars with significant polarization have been studied for variability. The observations allow mapping of the distribution of...
CTA-Pol is an optical polarimeter to deliver ancillary data for the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO), the next-generation very high-energy gamma-ray observatory. Blazar flares combine increases in gamma-ray flux with changes in the fraction and orientation of visible-light polarisation. Other variable and transient sources to be targeted include gamma-ray bursts and tidal...
While the construction of the ELT is well underway, the ESO community is already preparing for its next telescope project. A down selection is in fact already scheduled for the end of 2026. The leading contender, the Wide Field Spectroscopic Telescope (WST) is progressing its design with several contributing institutions across Europe and Australia. We will report on the telescope design...
MAVIS (MCAO Assisted Visible Imager and Spectrograph) is a new facility instrument for the ESO VLT being built by an Australian (Astralis - lead), Italian (INAF) and French (LAM) consortium. MAVIS pushes the frontier of new instrument technologies to provide, for the first time, wide-field, diffraction-limited angular resolution at visible wavelengths. Enhancing the VLT Adaptive Optics...
The Sun — like many stars — possesses a wind that streams outwards to fill the heliosphere. Observations of the solar wind show that it is divided into “fast” and “slow” wind streams, whose variabilities, compositions and apparent origins are different. The origin of the slow solar wind remains enigmatic, hampering efforts to predict conditions in near-Earth space. Here we describe ongoing...
The quest for radio transients has evolved into a thriving field, driven by the rise of wide field-of-view telescopes. In recent years, two remarkable classes of extreme coherent radio transients have emerged: long-period transients, with pulse durations from minutes to hours, and fast radio bursts, with pulse durations from microseconds to tens of milliseconds. Intriguingly, the long-period...
Magnetic active regions on the Sun's surface are the primary sources of significant solar activity. Understanding the physics behind the emergence of these active regions is essential for improving space weather forecasts, and understanding the underlying solar dynamo. Recent observational findings indicate that convection plays a crucial role in the emergence of active regions, challenging...
Fast infrared transients have not been well explored; however, we now have chance to search this parameter space. With creative analysis techniques, we are using the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) to search for transients with lifetimes from seconds to minutes. A single exposure from JWST is made up of integrations that are combination of numerous non-destructive reads. This means that a...
Observations of the surface of our Sun is one of the key ways to understand solar physics. The tracking of large-scale magnetic surface features, such as sunspots and plages, has provided insights into the solar dynamo, differential rotation, and other phenomena. Yet for most other stars, our knowledge of surface features—and consequently the stars themselves—remains severely limited,...
For the first time ever, it is possible to obtain well sampled lightcurves of fast transients, with a plethora of data provided by a range of telescopes. In particular, TESS has a unique fast cadence that allows us to observe transients during the rise, and decay after peak brightness. With TESS alone our understanding of these fast transients is limited due to the lack of colour information....
As observational studies of the Local Group and other environments have expanded to include smaller, fainter and more distant objects, it has become clear that the family of low-mass stellar systems is very diverse, encompassing normal and metal-complex globular clusters, ultra-faint dwarfs with extremely high mass-to-light ratios, and ultra-compact dwarf galaxies. This raises questions about...
Stellar streams – formed through the tidal disruption of dwarf galaxies and star clusters – can tell us about the nature of their progenitors as well as the distribution of mass inside their orbits. The Southern Stream Stellar Spectroscopic Survey (S5) employs the Anglo-Australian Telescope (AAT) to study stellar streams, using photometric and proper-motion data to identify candidate member...
The long-period radio transients are a newly-discovered class of Galactic radio sources that produce pulsed emission lasting tens of seconds to several minutes, repeating on timescales of tens of minutes to hours. Such cadence is unprecedented, and there is currently no clear emission mechanism or progenitor that can explain the observations, which include complex polarisation behaviour, pulse...
Long-period radio transients represent a newly identified class of astronomical objects with emission periods lasting minutes to hours. Their origins remain uncertain, with highly magnetised white dwarfs and neutron stars as leading candidates. These objects emit polarised, coherent, and beamed radio signals, resembling pulsars. Standard models suggest pulsars cease emitting as they slow down,...
Small stellar systems merge and are accreted hierarchically to form large galaxies like the Milky Way. We see the evidence for this process all around us: dynamically, as stellar overdensities in phase space in the nearby Galaxy; chemically, in abundance patterns distinct from those of stars formed in situ within the Milky Way; and spatially, as stellar streams and tidally disrupting...
The Galactic long period transients (LPTs) discovered in recent years are a mysterious new class of object. They have periods of tens of minutes to hours, and produce strongly polarised pulses lasting seconds to minutes. Their characteristics are phenomenologically analogous to neutron star pulsars albeit at much longer timescales, but the underlying emission mechanism is unclear.
The 2.1...
Stellar actions are widely assumed to be conserved for use of orbit reconstruction techniques in Galactic studies. However, the Milky Way disk is highly dynamic, with time-dependent, non-axisymmetric features such as transient spiral arms and giant molecular clouds (GMCs) driving fluctuations in the gravitational potential constantly perturbing stellar orbits. Using high-resolution...
We present the discovery and characterisation of a novel white dwarf binary system, identified through optical spectroscopy and radio-wavelength observations. This system displays a short orbital period of ~1.3 hours, determined from Doppler shifts in Balmer emission lines, and exhibits unique radio emission characteristics.
We observed periodic bursts of elliptically polarised radio...
We are expanding on previous work on globular cluster stars that have escaped into the halo field using the fourth data release from the Galactic Archaeology with HERMES (GALAH) survey. We use a purely kinematic selection to identify both red giant and dwarf stars on halo orbits and investigate the utility of GALAH light element abundances for identifying second-population GC stars in that...
This is an exciting time for the discovery of new astronomical objects through various multi-messengers. New-generation surveys across the entire waveband present a significant opportunity to study different objects and processes in the elemental enrichment of the interstellar medium (ISM). We reflect on our cosmic past, present, and future.
SKA pathfinders' observations in the radio...
Corrections for the absorption of light by interstellar dust (referred to as dust extinction) represent one of the largest sources of uncertainty for deriving properties of stars and galaxies in astronomical studies, particularly those that rely on ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths where dust extinction is strongest. The origin of the 2175Å absorption feature (the most prominent UV dust extinction...
The number of low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites is increasing, and they are having a noticeable impact on the quality of a large range of astronomical data. We use archival data from the Multi Unit Spectrographic Explorer (MUSE) to quantify the effects of satellites on the datacubes. MUSE is an integral field unit (IFU) so it captures a spectrum at every pixel in the field of view. Using the...
I will present recent results from the MAUVE (Multiphase Astrophysics to Unveil the Virgo Environment) survey—a multi-wavelength campaign combining VLT/MUSE, ALMA, and HI data for 40 Virgo Cluster galaxies, including an Australian-led MUSE Large Program. MAUVE is designed to investigate how the cluster environment impacts the gas–star formation cycle during galaxy infall.
These observations...
Accurate localisation of Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs) is essential for identifying their host galaxies, constraining progenitor models, and employing FRBs as precise cosmological probes. For extragalactic FRBs, particularly those at higher redshifts (z > 1), sub-arcsecond astrometry is required to robustly associate them with host galaxies and disentangle contributions to dispersion and scattering...
Feedback processes, particularly from active galactic nuclei (AGN), play a crucial role in redistributing baryons within dark matter halos. These mechanisms can displace gas to halo outskirts or eject it entirely, resulting in baryon fractions significantly below the cosmic mean—especially in low-mass systems where feedback energy can rival halo binding energy. While simulations such as TNG,...
Extragalactic HI-line surveys are crucial for understanding how cold atomic hydrogen (HI) flows into and out of galaxies and how this process is influenced by the environment. While past HI surveys in the local Universe were limited by the low spatial resolution of single-dish radio telescopes, next-generation instruments such as the Australian SKA Pathfinder (ASKAP) are now transforming the...
The growing flood of gravitational lensing data in the era of big-data astronomy brings both opportunities and challenges—particularly in modeling efficiency and the reliability of inferences from a given dataset.
In this work, we reconstruct 16 strong lens candidates using multi-band PISCO data from the Magellan Telescope, employing a scalable pipeline that jointly models all four bands (z,...
Radio surveys of the Galactic Plane are essential for understanding how the Milky Way evolves, what it is composed of, and what emission processes take place. Low radio frequencies are particularly useful for constraining the distribution of cosmic rays and magnetic fields, as well as studying the spectral properties of pulsars and the diffuse emission of supernova remnants.
The GLEAM-X...
Time domain radio astronomy will be revolutionised by the Square Kilometre Array. The capability to image the sky repeatedly, over many frequencies and timescales, will allow us to explore and understand dynamic phenomena in a way that has not been previously possible. These phenomena range from events at cosmological distances, such as gamma-ray bursts and fast radio bursts, to much more...
TOI-2109b is the hot Jupiter with the shortest orbital period ($\sim$16 hr). At this close distance, strong tidal interactions can produce a significant exchange of angular momentum with the star. Since the orbital period of this planet is shorter than the stellar rotation period, TOI-2109b may be an optimal candidate for studying orbital decay. This process depends on how efficiently the star...
Globular clusters (GCs) are key tracers of galaxy assembly, providing crucial insights into stellar halo formation. Using the Feedback in Realistic Environments (FIRE) simulations with a post-processing GC formation model, we investigate the accretion of GCs from dwarf galaxies into Milky Way-mass hosts and the processes that shape their kinematic evolution. We explore how changes in the...
Planets orbiting close to their stars face an intense environment that can dramatically reshape their atmospheres. Among these extreme worlds, the ultra-hot Jupiter KELT-9b stands out as one of the most intensely irradiated planets known, orbiting so close to its star that its atmosphere is actively evaporating into space. Using high-resolution optical observations during the planet’s transit,...
In this talk, I will briefly discuss some of the existing evidence for the morphological and dynamical transformation of galaxies through cosmic time. This transformation is thought to result from the complex interplay between the hierarchical merging of dark matter halos and baryonic processes.
I will introduce the Middle-Ages Galaxy Properties with Integral field spectroscopy (MAGPI)...
The early success of JWST provides an exceptional opportunity to study the atmospheres of exoplanets with unprecedented detail. However, most (>65%) confirmed transiting exoplanets will not be accessible to JWST during the mission’s lifetime. This widespread problem is due mostly to ephemeris degradation: uncertainties on transit time and period compound over time, which can culminate in...
The initial mass function (IMF) describes the distribution of stellar masses in a newly formed stellar population and is fundamental to the study of star and galaxy formation. Over the past decades, a growing body of evidence has supported the need for a variable IMF. Understanding the IMF’s characteristics across spatial scales and the factors driving its variability remains a key objective...
Directly imaging habitable-zone exoplanets and analysing their spectra can reveal atmospheric compositions and potential biosignatures, making this endeavour a central goal in exoplanet science. However, separating the faint planetary light from its host star is extremely challenging, requiring high contrasts and tight angular separations. Nulling Interferometry offers a solution by...
I will present a comparison between the abundance patterns in accreted dwarf galaxies and dwarf galaxy streams using data from Gaia, APOGEE, GALAH, as well as specific stream targeting surveys. Dwarf galaxy streams merged with the Milky Way at a much later time then phased mixed, fully accreted, systems. Understanding the differences in properties and evolution between these two groups is...
The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) is a nearly all-sky survey taking precise photometric measurements of millions of stars in our galaxy. It has become a powerful tool in the search for exoplanets, along with contributing to studies of stellar evolution through asteroseismology. By targeting bright stars amenable to radial velocity follow-up, the TESS mission aims to increase our...
Ram pressure stripping (RPS) is a hydrodynamical mechanism that can strip ISM material from galaxies as they move through the hot intracluster medium (ICM) permeating galaxy clusters. This is a key process in the quenching of star formation as star forming material is effectively removed from the galaxy. Signatures of RPS can be seen in ionised gas emission by studying the kinematics as well...
Disks around evolved binaries such as post-AGB binaries share many similarities with proto-planetary disks (PPDs) around young stellar objects, which has led some to believe that planet formation may occur in these systems. Here we investigate the possibility of planet formation via gravitational instabilities in post-AGB disks. We first apply the Toomre criterion of gravitational instability...
In the last seven years the TESS space telescope has observed thousands of fast transients that have gone undetected, until now. With the TESSELLATE pipeline we are now searching all of the high-cadence Full Frame Images (FFIs) recorded by TESS for transient and variable phenomena. From processing less than 10% of the data from TESS, we have generated millions of detections which include...
The advent of next-generation telescope facilities brings with it an unprecedented amount of data, and the demand for effective tools to process and classify this information has become increasingly important. There have been many applications of machine learning (ML) in this context, however ML can be computationally expensive and often requires manually curated training sets. This work...
Galaxy distances measured using standard methods like the Tully-Fisher relation and the Fundamental Plane have relative errors of 20-30%. Beyond a few tens of Mpc, this means that the errors in galaxy peculiar velocities are generally much larger than the peculiar velocities themselves. It is therefore highly desirable to find ways to reduce the uncertainties in such distance estimates. We...
The enormous spectroscopic datasets from current astronomical surveys provide an unprecedented opportunity to explore the stellar populations of the Milky Way and its surroundings. The largest surveys range from several million stars (e.g., LAMOST) to the roughly quarter-billion stars observed with Gaia XP spectra. These survey data are generally at low or moderate spectroscopic resolutions,...
The Aperture Array Verification Systems (AAVS), developed between 2014 and 2024 by a large international collaboration between the SKA Organization/SKAO and partner institutes and Universities, were a critical steppingstone in the path to SKA-Low. Originating from the need to validate novel antenna designs, signal processing systems, and station-level infrastructure for SKA-Low, they...
Flying on board the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) above Earth's turbulent atmosphere, the Aperture Masking Interferometer (AMI) stands as the highest resolution optical interferometer ever placed in space.
However, imaging is severely limited by non-linear detector systematics, particularly charge migration known as the brighter-fatter effect (BFE).
Conventional interferometric Fourier...
The WAVES survey is a major galaxy redshift survey that will be conducted on 4MOST, scheduled to begin its scientific operations in early 2026. Expected to collect redshifts for 1.6 million galaxies, this survey will build a highly complete view of galaxy environment, over large areas of the sky, and also extending out to z=0.8. The backbone of this project is the wealth of multi-wavelength...
Recent results from DES and DESI find evidence for a thawing model of dark energy at the ~4 sigma level. However, this evidence largely depends on a heterogenous collection of low redshift supernovae that were obtained over several decades. Using DECam on the 4m Blanco telescope in Chile, and WiFeS on the ANU 2.3m telescope, we are assembling a sample of 500 low redshift supernovae that will...
This session will provide an overview of the portfolio of projects supported by Astronomy Australia Ltd (AAL), AAL’s plans for seeking funding under the next round of NCRIS, and forward strategy to enable access to world-class facilities, strengthen national astronomy capability, integrate astronomy into industry and society, and serve as a trusted partner to government.
In my talk, I will present the results from the first monitoring campaign of a Main-sequence Radio Pulse emitter, or MRP. MRPs are main-sequence OBA type stars that emit periodic radio pulses by the electron cyclotron maser emission mechanism. The extra-ordinary stability and simplicity of their magnetic fields set them apart from other magnetic stars on the stellar main-sequence, and also...
Recent JWST observations have revealed an unexpected abundance of bright galaxies at z ≳ 12, both in the UV and as Lyman-α emitters, challenging standard galaxy formation models and our theoretical expectation of reionization in the early universe. Using a semi-analytic galaxy formation model, we find that while faint JWST galaxies align with predictions, bright galaxies require enhanced star...
High-redshift AGN are a key puzzle piece to understanding the full picture of galaxy evolution due to the co-evolution of supermassive black holes and host galaxies. Across cosmic time, radio-loud obscured AGN are beacons of massive black holes and host galaxies, but at z > 5 this population remains elusive (with fewer than five known). The most massive and powerful of these radio-loud AGN are...
I will present WD40, a white dwarf first identified as a radio source using circular polarisation searches with ASKAP. WD40 has been observed over 40 times with ASKAP and is highly variable, with flux densities ranging from 1 mJy to 65 mJy. It has been detected 40 times in 15 minute, 888.5 MHz and 943 MHz ASKAP observations but has not been detected in ASKAP observations at higher frequencies...
The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has revolutionized the study of quasars in the high-z Universe. For the first time, astronomers have detected and characterized nearly 10 galaxies that host bright quasars at z > 6, a fundamental step in understanding the co-evolution of galaxies and their supermassive black holes (SMBHs) across cosmic time. Initial stellar mass measurements of these...
Galactic outflows play a crucial role in star formation regulation and the redistribution of gas and metals throughout galaxies. The recent discovery of high-velocity atomic and molecular clouds entrained in the Milky Way’s nuclear wind provides a unique opportunity to study these processes at sub-parsec resolution. Although cold clouds are commonly observed in galactic nuclear winds, their...
Astronomy is one of the fastest-growing areas of research in Australia. In general, enrolment in postgraduate study in Australia has grown by 45% over the last two decades; in contrast, in astronomy, the number of PhD graduates has grown by 250%. As documented in the 2026-2035 decadal plan, the number of PhD graduates far exceeds the availability of Postdoctoral positions. In addition, the...
The Hercules kinematic group is an anomaly overdensity structure of stars in the $L_Z$-$V_R$ kinematics plane in the solar neighbourhood， characterised by lower galactocentric cylindrical $L_Z$ and an asymmetric bias towards positive $V_R$. The chemical data from GALAH DR4 show enhancement in Fe-peak elements (Fe, Mn, Ni), deficiency in alpha elements (O, Ti), and enhancement in Odd-Z elements...
