Voice breaking party led by Prof. Kalevi Mursula (registration via email spaceclimate10@gmail.com before 1 June) Please sent email spaceclimate10@gmail.com by June 1 , as the number of places is limited. Come to the DINO’S BAR & GRILL, grab a drink and join us for an informal evening of singing, light conversation, and new connections - the perfect way to set the mood before the SC 10 begins.

Opening ceremony + Acknowledgements

Long-term evolution of the magnetic field in the inner heliosphere

• Mike Lockwood (Reading U., UK)

The development of our understanding of long-term change in the magnetic field of the inner heliosphere will be reviewed. The basic technique is to use modern understanding from space age observations and numerical models, with available proxy indicators, such as historic observations of sunspots, geomagnetic activity, aurorae, eclipses, polar faculae, and polar crown filaments. In addition, cosmogenic isotope abundances in various terrestrial reservoirs can be used to constrain variations and extend them back to times before observations were routinely recorded. The various techniques show a considerable convergence in annual means but evaluation of major space weather events remains difficult and depends on the metrics used to quantify them.

Observing and Predicting Solar Cycle Variability

• Lisa Upton (Southwest Research Institute, US)

Observations of photospheric magnetic fields, active region emergence, and surface flows provide the primary constraints on predicting solar cycle variability. In particular, the strength of the polar fields during solar minimum remains a robust indicator of the amplitude of the subsequent cycle. However, reliable polar field measurements are only available for a few decades and key aspects of the solar cycle, such as hemispheric asymmetry, have only recently been examined in detail. Ca II K observations and long-term sunspot records provide measures of the Sun’s magnetic field evolution prior to routine magnetograph measurements. Modern calibration methods and statistical approaches allow us to reconstruct aspects of the Sun’s large-scale magnetic field over multiple centuries. Variations in active region emergence patterns (such as timing and tilt) introduce uncertainty that fundamentally limit predictive capabilities. Differences in northern and southern hemispheric activity levels and reversal timings can lead to cross-equatorial flux transport and hemispheric coupling, with implications for the global heliospheric field. In this talk, I will review what we have learned from observations of photospheric magnetism and how combining modern magnetograph observations with careful analysis of historical records spanning centuries continues to refine our understanding of solar cycle evolution and cycle-to-cycle variability. This provides indirect constraints on the Sun’s polar fields, offers valuable insight into secular variability, placing recent cycles in a longer-term context, and improves our ability to quantify sources of solar cycle variability. This is a critical next step to making more accurate predictions for the next cycle, as well as long-term changes in the heliospheric and space climate environment.

Excursions 1 OPTION: Hiking in Åland/Ahvenanmaa (6 hrs from 15.00, for ages 7 and up only). Start your tour with a coach drive to North of Åland, to Geta Berget. On your way you can admire the big Apple tree gardens and small villages. Arrive to the most Northern part of the main Island where the nature is barren and rocky surrounded by open sea. From here you will start your nature hiking with a guide. Getabergen Hills lie 107 metres above the sea level and offer fantastic vast sea views in a barren rocky nature with low pine trees. The nature trail is easy (downwards) to moderate (upwards), and the trail leads mainly over smooth flat red granite rocks and nature paths with low vegetation (can be slippery after rain). No stairs. The first part of the trail slopes slightly downwards towards the seafront and along the trail there are interesting cave-like rock formations at Getagrottan, used as shelter for the locals during the Great Northern war in the 18th century. The path leads down to the waterfront, Djupviken Bay from where the trail turns back and goes uphill to the starting point. The route is approximately 5 km long. A refreshment stop is done during this tour at café Soltuna (you can preorder a dinner for 19€/pers ). Before you re-join the coach you have time take photos and admire the nature. 2 OPTION: Guided tours of the Åland Maritime Museum and onboard the tall ship Pommern (2 hrs from 15:00). Åland Maritime Museum manages and mediates Åland’s maritime heritage, with reference to the present and to the future. The origins lie in the 1920s when Åland sea captain Carl Holmqvist started to collect nautical objects, realising the days of sailing ships were over. In 1935 he co-founded Åland Nautical Club with the aim of establishing a maritime museum for Åland. The museum building, designed by architect Jonas Cedercreutz, was completed in 1949 and five years later the Åland Maritime Museum opened to the public. Through contributions from Åland seafarers and shipping companies the collections continued to grow. In 1986 Åland Nautical Club donated all museum objects, archives and the library to the newly formed trust Åland Maritime Museum. An extension as well as comprehensive renovation of the original building commenced in the autumn of 2009. The museum re-opened on 26th April 2012. The original building, drawn by Jonas Cedercreutz in the 1940’s, got an extension designed by architects Johanna Vuorinen and Esa Kangas. The exhibition lay-out was designed by Helsinki-based studio Amerikka, in cooperation with Jouni Kaipia. In March 2015 the Trust was entrusted full management of the historic tall ship Pommern, owned by the Town of Mariehamn. A major investment in the visitor experience on board has since been done; as well as the building of a dry dock that Pommern moved into in 2019.

Social dinner (Restaurang Nautical, Hamngatan 2) Menu 1 (Regular menu + pescatarians + no mushroom diet + gluten and lactose-free): 1. Seared scallops, ratatouille vinaigrette, Arenkha caviar, cauliflower crème and mussel foam with a glass of wine/soft drink 2. Pike perch (AX), browned butter sauce, fennel, cucumber and trout roe with a glass of wine/soft drink 3. Crème Brûlée with fresh berries with coffee/tea Menu 2 (for vegetarians): 1. Vichyssoise, brioche, leek, seaweed roe and dill with a glass of wine/soft drink 2. Salt-baked root celery, potato dumplings, creamed cabbage, porcini butter, cranberries and vegetarian red wine jus with a glass of wine/soft drink 3. Crème Brûlée with fresh berries with coffee/tea Menu 3 (no fish or seafood): 1. Vichyssoise, brioche, leek, seaweed roe and dill with a glass of wine/soft drink 2. Roe deer inside round (SWE), truffle butter, Madeira jus, cabbage, potato and Jerusalem artichoke gratin with a glass of wine/soft drink 3. Crème Brûlée with fresh berries with coffee/tea Please note that, in addition to the drinks included with dinner, you may also order extra beverages during the meal at your own expense.

Solar Wind Dynamic Pressure Pulses and their influence on Solar Wind-Geospace Coupling and the Designation of Superstorms

• Delores Knipp (Colorado Boulder U., US)

Award ceremony and the end of SC10