Space Climate 10

Session

2.1 Cosmic rays and modulation (chair Mike Lockwood)

11 Jun 2026, 09:00

Åland Maritime Museum

Conveners

2.1 Cosmic rays and modulation (chair Mike Lockwood)

• Monica Laurentza (INAF, IT)

30. Long-term solar modulation of cosmic rays

Roelf Du Toit Strauss (NWU, ZA)

11/06/2026, 09:00

Invited review

In this talk I’ll give a brief introduction to the physics of cosmic ray modulation in the heliosphere and the time-dependent drivers thereof. The Parker transport equation formalism, used to model solar modulation, will also be introduced, along with a discussion regarding the necessary input parameters. A frequently applied approximation to the Parker transport equation, especially when very...

31. Short-term modulation of galactic cosmic rays by interplanetary transients

Simone Benella (INAF-IAPS, IT)

11/06/2026, 09:20

Solicited

Galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) constitute a continuous flux of high-energy particles, mostly protons and helium nuclei, flowing through the Heliosphere and interacting with solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field. The result of this interaction on long periods of time is the well-known modulation of the low end of the GCR energy spectrum (below a few GeVs), following the 11-year activity...

32. Ground level enhancements of Solar Cycle 25

Alex Mishev (Oulu U., FI)

11/06/2026, 09:40

Methodological study of solar energetic particles (SEPs) gives the basis to reveal their origin, acceleration and also top constrain the models of their propagation in the interplanetary space. It is believed that SEPs are produced following solar eruptive processes, such as solar flares and/or coronal mass ejections. SEPs can be accelerated to approximately 10 GeV/n range, yet the bulk are...

33. First Ground-Level Enhancement (GLE) events #1–4 digitized from historical sources

Stepan Poluianov (Oulu U., FI)

11/06/2026, 09:52

The Sun sporadically produces solar energetic particle (SEP) events that can significantly vary in intensity and spectral hardness. Although the majority of such events miss the Earth or are too weak to be registered by ground-based particle detectors, there are rare occurrences when strong SEP events penetrate deep into the atmosphere and can be observed on the ground. The latter ones are...

34. Analysis of the energy spectrum of the long-term GCR variations based on the AMS-02 data

Agnieszka Gil-Swiderska (Siedlce U., PL)

11/06/2026, 10:04

Using data from the AMS-02 instrument aboard the International Space Station, we examined long- term variations of the galactic cosmic ray (GCR) proton fluxes. This dataset enables a high-resolution study of time profiles and rigidity dependence within a rigidity range of 1 to 100 GV. We investigated the amplitude of long-term GCR variations using a power-law fit across the solar cycle. To...

35. The near-Earth modulation (NEM) index in high cadence for study of global cosmic ray modulation and space climate

Pauli Väisänen (Oulu U., FI)

11/06/2026, 10:16

The magnetic activity of the Sun modulates the fluxes of galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) arriving to the heliosphere and Earth. This modulation of GCR can be estimated by a straightforward force-field approach, which reduced the modulation to a single parameter φ with units in megavolts. Even though the physical interpretation of this modulation parameter can be unclear, it can still assess the...