We discuss applications and opportunities for the machine learning in real-time embedded systems in particle physics. This talk will focus on how to implement machine learning algorithms in systems with FPGAs and ASICs for a variety of use-cases. We will review essential ideas for designing and optimizing efficient algorithms in hardware and emerging tool flows to accelerate algorithm...
Research on the classification of neutron/gamma waveforms in scintillators using Pulse Shape Discrimination (PSD) techniques is still an active topic. Numerous methods have been explored to optimise this classification. Some of the most recent research is focused on machine learning techniques for this classification with excellent results. In this field, FPGAs with high-sampling rate ADCs...
After the current LHC shutdown (2019-2021), the ATLAS experiment will be required to operate in an increasingly harsh collision environment. To maintain physics performance, the ATLAS experiment will undergo a series of upgrades during the shutdown. A key goal of this upgrade is to improve the capacity and flexibility of the detector readout system. To this end, the Front-End Link eXchange...
The Mu3e experiment aims to find or exclude the lepton flavor violating decay $\mu^+ \rightarrow e^+e^-e^+$ with a sensitivity of one in 10$^{16}$ muon decays. The first phase of the experiment is currently under construction at the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI, Switzerland), where beams with up to 10$^8$ muons per second are available. The detector will consist of an ultra-thin pixel tracker...
In order to maintain sensitivity to new physics in the coming years of LHC operations, the ATLAS experiment is upgrading a portion of the front-end electronics and replacing parts of the detector with new devices that can operate under the much harsher background conditions of the future LHC. The legacy DAQ system features detector-specific custom VMEbus boards (Readout Drivers or 'RODs')...
We present the design and test results of a Time-to-Digital-Converter (TDC) functional block. The TDC will be a part of the readout ASIC, called ETROC, of the Low-Gain Avalanche Detectors (LGADs) for the CMS Endcap Timing Layer (ETL) of High-Luminosity LHC upgrade. One of the challenges of the ETROC design is that the TDC is required to consume less than 200 mW for each pixel at the nominal...
Abstract: We present the design and test results of a data transmitting ASIC, GBS20, for particle physics experiments. The goal of GBS20 will be an ASIC that employs two serializers each from the 10.24 Gbps lpGBT SerDes, sharing the PLL also from lpGBT. A PAM4 encoder plus a VCSEL driver will be implemented in the same die to use the same clock system, eliminating the need of CDRs in the PAM4...
In many countries around the world, most of the waste use to be disposed of to landfills, this generate public concern about the health effects of emissions. Landfill gases are produced by the natural bacterial decomposition of waste and it is about half of methane, with the remainder mostly carbon dioxide and minor amounts of other gases. Real-time measurement and modelling of emissions gases...
In Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes like MACE, Synchronous digitization of 1088-input channels of Camera Electronics is of paramount importance. These PMT based pixels of Camera have been incorporated in 68 modules called Camera Integrated Module (CIM), each catering to 16 pixels. Each module acquires, processes and transfers data independently of other modules. To reduce the data...
The GOSIP (Gigabit Optical Serial Interface Protocol) provides communication via optical fibres between multiple kinds of front-end electronics and the KINPEX PCIe receiver board located in the readout host PC. In recent years a stack of device driver software has been developed to utilize this hardware for several scenarios of data acquisition. On top of this driver foundation, several...
The elliptical cavities are important component of superconducting part of ESS (European Spallation Source) linear accelerator. Each of 120 cavities have to deliver the electric field at the proper phase and amplitude to accelerate protons. LLRF (Low Level Radio Frequency) system is responsible for controlling these parameters and distributing reference clock signal. Another task is...
ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) will undergo a major Phase-II upgrade for the High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC). The upgrade affects all major ATLAS systems, including the Trigger and Data Acquisition systems.
As part of the Level-0 Trigger System, the Global Trigger uses full-granularity calorimeter cells to perform algorithms, refines the trigger objects and applies topological...
Real-time computing refers to applications that compute correct results but, and more importantly, applications that perform on-time. In addition to usual system constraints, real-time systems include timing constraints that need to be satisfied by the system in order to provide a safe computation. Designing such systems requires more attention and strict guarantees to ensure their safety. One...
New Mössbauer spectrometer based on CompactRIO platform was developed. CompactRIO is a modular industrial computer platform developed by National Instruments. This device runs “LabVIEW RT OS” - Linux-based Real-Time Operating system, which has support of LabVIEW programming environment. CompactRIO has integrated FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array), which was used for most critical functions...
Brachytherapy is a radiotherapy modality where the radioactive material is placed close to the
tumor, being a common treatment for skin, breast and prostate cancers. In order to provide
the best treatment possible and minimize risks for patients, dose verification and quality
assurance in radiotherapy needs to be assessed in real-time and with as much precision as
possible....
The DUNE detector is a long baseline neutrino experiment due to take data in 2025. The data acquisition (DAQ) system of the DUNE experiment will consist of a highly complex and distributed architecture designed to handle O(5) TB/s of incoming data from the readout system at a rate of 2 MHz.
One of the physics goals of the DUNE experiment is to detect neutrino signals from Supernova Burst...
We have assembled a small-scale streaming data acquisition system based on the SAMPA front-end ASIC. The 32-channel SAMPA chip was designed for the high-luminosity upgrade of the ALICE Time Projection Chamber (TPC) detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. The goals of the prototype system are to determine if the SAMPA chip is appropriate for use in detector systems at Jefferson Lab, and...
We present a free and open source firmware designed to operate as an Intelligent Platform Management Controller (IPMC). An IPMC is a fundamental component for electronic boards conformant to the Advanced Telecommunications Computing Architecture (ATCA) standard, being adopted by a number of high energy physics experiments, and is responsible for monitoring the health parameters of the board,...
The Jianmeng Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) will be the
largest, liquid scintillator (LS) underground neutrino
experiment. Juno is under construction in the South of China and its
main purpose is to measure the neutrino mass hierarchy. Thanks to its
large mass, 20 kton of LS, it will perform several measurements, from the precise measurements of oscillation parameters
to the...
Modern FPGA and system-on-chip (SoC) require extensive amounts of electronics and complex multi-layer printed circuit boards (PCB) to support their operating conditions. By combining all required electronics on a densely packed PCB, the use of SoC-based system-on-module (SoM) helps to reduce system costs by reusing multiple SoMs in the same DAQ system or in different applications....
The VXS_Trigger_Processor [VTP] was developed and commissioned for CLAS12 in the fall of 2016. This board is a VITA41 switch card and it collects data from a variety of front-end TDC and Flash ADC modules. The VTP has since been used in several experiments at Jefferson Lab serving as the L1 trigger module for a variety of detector types, such as stacked calorimeters, strip calorimeters,...
The capability to extract timing informations out of a serial data stream has become a very common requirement. The receiver usually relies on a Clock and Data Recovery (CDR) chip, which generates a clock signal at the corresponding sampling frequency, phase-aligned to the data.
Modern physics experiment have often this same requirement, where perhaps thousands of boards receive uncorrelated...
Automatic test system of the back-end card for the JUNO experiment
S. Hang1, 2, Y. Yang1, B. Clerbaux1 and P.-A. Petitjean1
1. IIHE(ULB), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
2. Department of Nuclear Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China
The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is a medium-baseline neutrino...
J-PARC E16 experiment aims to investigate the origin of hadron mass through the systematic measurement of the spectral change of vector mesons in nuclei. The experiment is performed at the high-moemntum beam line, which is a newly constructed beam line, at J-PARC Hadron Experimental Facility with a new spectrometer. A 30 GeV proton beam with an intensity of $1\times10^{10}$ protons per pulse...
The SuperKEKB accelerator in Tsukuba, Japan is providing e$^+$e$^-$ beams for the Belle-II experiment since about one year. In order to deal with the aimed peak luminosity being forty times higher than the one recorded at Belle, a pixel detector based on DEPFET technology has been installed It features a long integration time of 20us resulting in an expected data rate of 20 GB/s at a maximum...
Several types of superconducting devices require quench detection systems to safely operate. Detection has to happen in real time to avoid damage. Superconducting magnets for particle accelerators are one example of such device. The quench, that is the resistive runaway resulting from the transition from superconductive to the normal-conducting state must be detect as soon as possible to avoid...
Synchrotron scanning techniques, particularly in experimental continuous scans, require a high level of synchronization between data acquisition- and motion systems - (optics or sample). The purpose of the PandABox system [1] is to address multi--technique scanning- and feedback- applications. The initial objective driving the project was to provide a real-time, multi-channel, encoder...
Recent advances in acquisition equipment is providing experiments with growing amounts of precise yet affordable sensors. At the same time an improved computational power, coming from new hardware resources (GPU, FPGA, TPU), has been made available at relatively low costs. This led us to explore the possibility of completely renewing the chain of acquisition for a fusion experiment, where many...
Improving image processing systems is key to plasma diagnostics. The operation conditions of ITER and the future machines require changing the role of such systems from monitoring and archiving for offline post-processing to real-time processing for machine control. Another purpose for these systems is machine protection. A relevant application of vision diagnostics is the wall and divertor...
The ITER Neutral Beam Test Facility (NBTF) is an extensive R&D programme currently under advanced construction at Consorzio RFX, Padova (Italy), with the aim of developing and testing the technology required by the ITER neutral beam injectors. The NBTF uses a two-step approach that involves the implementation of two experimental devices: the first, SPIDER, for the study of the ion source and...
Particle therapy uses proton or 12-C beams for the treatment of deep-seated solid tumors. Due to the features of energy deposition of charged particles, a small amount of dose is released to the healthy tissue in the beam entrance region, while the maximum of the dose is released to the tumor at the end of the beam range, in the Bragg peak region. Dose deposition is dominated by...
The Ultra-High-Resolution (UHR) positron emission tomography (PET) scanner is the latest LabPET II-based device being designed at Université de Sherbrooke for imaging the human brain. This new scanner uses the already established LabPET II technology capable of sub-millimetric spatial resolution in preclinical imaging. The UHR architecture implements 129,024 detection channels. The purpose of...
As radiation detector arrays in nuclear physics applications become larger and physically more separated, the time synchronization and trigger distribution between many channels of detector readout electronics becomes more challenging. Clocks and triggers are traditionally distributed through dedicated cabling, but newer methods such as the IEEE 1588 Precision Time Protocol and White Rabbit...
The High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) will have a peak luminosity of $5-10 \times 10 ^{34}$ $cm^{-2}$ $s^{-1}$, five to ten times higher than the design luminosity of the LHC. The ATLAS Tile Calorimeter (TileCal) is a sampling calorimeter with steel as absorber and plastic scintillators as active medium. Major replacements of TileCal's electronics will take place during the...
The Phase-2 ATLAS upgrade for the High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) has motivated progressive redesigns of the ATLAS Tile Calorimeter (TileCal) read-out link and control board (Daughterboard). The Daughterboard (DB) communicates with the off-detector electronics via two 4.6 Gbps downlinks and two pairs of 9.6 Gbps uplinks. Configuration commands and LHC timing is received through...
Digital cameras are commonly used for diagnostic purposes in large-scale physics experiments.
A typical image diagnostic system consists of an optical setup, digital camera, frame grabber, image processing CPU, and data analysis tool.
The standard architecture of the imaging system has a number of disadvantages. Data transmitted from a camera are buffered multiple times and must be converted...
Over the last decade advances in electronics, computing, and software have changed the assumptions upon which data acquisition system designs for nuclear physics experiments are based. This is true at Jefferson Lab as well as at other laboratories. Looking forward to future experiments that are in various stages of planning we must reevaluate the near- and long-term course that the development...
The Fast Tracker Processor (FTK) is an ATLAS trigger upgrade built for full event,
low-latency, high-rate tracking. The FTK core, made of 9U VME boards, performs the most
demanding computational task. The "Associative Memory Board Serial Link Processor"
(AMBSLP) and the "Auxiliary card" (AUX), plugged on the front and back sides of the same VME slot, constitute the Processing Unit (PU),...
We are building a high-resolution brain PET scanner, the Scanner Approaching in Vivo Autoradiographic Neuro Tomography (SAVANT). Based on the LabPET-II’s detector module with 1:1 crystal to APD coupling, it is expected to reach 1.35 mm³ volumetric resolution. At this resolution level, slight, involuntary head movement will blur the image and spoil the exquisite intrinsic performance of the...
The purpose of attenuators system on a synchrotron beamline is to adapt intensity of the incident beam accordingly to the experimental conditions, samples and used detectors. The SixS (Surfaces and interfaces x-ray Scattering) beamline is equipped with a unique fast attenuation system prototype developed at SOLEIL Synchrotron. It adjusts in a real time the beam intensity in function of the...
The ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment) experiment focuses on the study of the quark-gluon plasma as a product of heavy-ion collisions at the CERN LHC (Large Hadron Collider). During the Long Shutdown 2 of the LHC in 2019-2020, a major upgrade is underway in order to cope with a hundredfold input data rate increase with peaks of up to 3.4 TB/s. This upgrade includes the new...
On-detector digital electronics in High-Energy Physics experiments is increasingly being implemented by means of SRAM-based FPGA, due to their capabilities of reconfiguration, real-time processing and multi-gigabit data transfer. Radiation-induced single event upsets in the configuration hinder the correct operation, since they may alter the programmed routing paths and logic functions. In...
The next generation of particle detectors will feature unprecedented readout rates and require optimizing lossy data compression and transmission from front-end application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) to off-detector trigger processing logic. Typically, channel aggregation and thresholding are applied, removing information useful for particle reconstruction in the process. A new...
For the High-Luminosity LHC era, the trigger and data acquisition system of the
Compact Muon Solenoid experiment will be entirely replaced. Novel design choices have been
explored, including ATCA prototyping platforms with SoC controllers and newly available
interconnect technologies with serial optical links with data rates up to 28 Gb/s. Trigger data
analysis will be performed through...
Coincidence detectors and time-tagging units are used in many physical experiments. Some experiment in quantum optics need however many channels, which initiated this project, but the board could be used for other experiments too. This device is a 32 channel time-tagging and coincidence detector unit, with about 8 ps of timing resolution, which can process up to 200 million pulses per second...
The time characteristics of fast Multi-pixel Photon Counter (MPPC) are important features that affect its application. The fast timing detector is widely used for picosecond (ps) level time detection, some fast MPPCs with about 100ps@SPE. The time characteristics of fast MPPC refer to the rise time (RT), fall time (FT) and electron transition time (TT)of the output signal. Fast MPPC has an...
Abstract：The research on the time performance test method of ultra-fast photodetector provides an important experimental basis for the performance measurement of domestic ultra-fast photodetector, beam current experiment or detector performance calibration in some special places. In this paper, based on the MCP-PMTs with about 50ps@SPE and some fast SiPM with about 100ps@SPE, the time...
During the operation of J-PARC timing system since 2006, there were a few unexpected trigger-failure events occurred. It was difficult to find the faulty module among many suspicious modules. In order to find such a module easily, a Yokogawa PLC- type triggered scaler module was developed. It can accept the start of J-PARC Main Ring (MR) slow cycle (2.48s/5.2s) signal and the start of rapid...
The dead layer thickness increase of HPGe detectors in during the operation time is main effect for reducing the volume and the full energy peak efficiency FEPE of the HPGe detector. In the work, we studied the influences of dead layer thickness on the whole gamma spectrum response for HPGe detector by using Monte Carlo simulation. From the simulated relation of the FEPEs and the dead layer...
The Reactor Excursion and Leak Analysis Program (RELAP5) is a light water reactor transient analysis code for simulation of hydraulic and thermal transients in both nuclear and nonnuclear systems for which a new RELAP5-based real time simulation code has been developed at the Center for Nuclear Technologies (CNT) for the Dalat Nuclear Research Reactor (DNRR) in Vietnam. However, a probable bug...
In the present work, the response function of a neutron dose rate meter (Aloka TPS-451C) has been evaluated based on the characteristics of various neutron standard fields with 252Cf and 241Am-Be sources (established in the previous works) and a self-developed unfolding code (applied the Singular Value Decomposition, SVD, approach). Measurements of neutron ambient dose equivalent rates,...
Charge integration ratio (Qratio), method in the Pulse Shape Discrimination (PSD) technique has been widely used to discriminate between fast neutron and gamma in organic scintillation detectors. Here Qratio is defined as the ratio of tail integration to total integration of digitized pulses. In this method, tail integration window is depends much on the decay components in fluorescence of...
In previous studies, the great potential in transmutating transuranic elements from spent nuclear fuel of the accelerator-driven system (ADS) was confirmed by the calculation results obtained by the Monte Carlo method simulation codes. The fast neutron spectrum system showed a benefit for reducing minor actinide (MA) inventories in the fuel cycle. However, the reliability of the calculation...
Belle II is a luminosity frontier experiment designed to search for physics beyond the standard model of particle physics, and has successfully started the physics data taking on March 2019.
We use seven sub-detectors to record the enormous numbers of events that are produced by the SuperKEKB accelerator.
There are many components to be monitored in our system for smooth data taking, such...
China Fusion Engineering Experimental Reactor (CFETR), an important step to realize the dream of fusion energy, has entered the stage of engineering design and research. The preliminary design of real-time plasma control system (PCS) for CFETR is promoted synchronously. The design of CFETR PCS is composed of real-time control framework, control algorithms integration, and two assistant tools...
The paper presents the development of the second version of a 64-ch SiPM readout ASIC named DIET, which individually amplifies the input current, extracts and digitizes the energy and the arrival time in each channel. Compared to the previous version, more control logics have been integrated on-chip and hence fewer external control ports are required. The crosstalk between the analog and...
The new generation of neutron instrument will use large-scale neutron detectors to complete experiments efficiently and quickly, which means the large number of detector units, the large span of installation location and the complex and flexible experiment scheme. The traditional centralized trigger system and clock synchronization system often use star fan-out structure, and use dedicated...
Deep-sea in situ radiation detection equipment is designed to work at the deep seafloor for half a year. During the period of running, the equipment will generate large volume of data. Besides, this equipment is powered by batteries. So design challenge of large capacity storage with low power is met in the equipment development. This paper proposes a low-power large-capacity storage solution...
The Hadron Experimental Facility at the Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC) is designed to provide high-intensity beams. A new branched proton beam line called as the “B-line” at J-PARC has been constructed and is going to start its operation from Feb. 2020. A small fraction (<0.1%) of the primary beam is branched by a Lambertson magnet and goes into the B-line. While the beam...
Abstract—Accurate timing is required in the annihilation event calibration and coincidence of the In-Beam positron emission tomography (In-Beam PET), which is the main way for the in-situ monitoring in the Heavy-Ion Cancer Therapy Device (HICTD). To achieve a high-resolution and low-cost time information, a linear digital timing measure method for In-Beam PET based on photomultiplier tube...
The back-streaming neutrons (Back-n) facility at China Spallation Neutron Source provides an excellent white neutron source for accurate measurements of nuclear data. At Back-n, the GAEA (gamma spectrometer with germanium array) spectrometer in planning is designed for neutron-induced cross-sections measurements with high accuracy and efficiency. As six kinds of detectors are used in GAEA, it...
The paper presents the development of a 16 channel low power and high integration readout ASIC for time projection chamber (TPC) for the CEPC (Circular Electron Positron Collider) experiment. In order to achieve high spatial and momentum resolution, ~1 million readout channels are required with waveform sampling in 8-10 bits and 10-40 MS/s. Power consumption became very critical and was...
An experiment to search for mu-e conversion named COMET is constructing in J-PARC Hadron hall. The experiment will be carried out using a two staged approach, Phase-I and Phase-II.
The data taking system of the Phase-I experiment is going to be developed based on common network technology. The data taking system needs two kinds of networks. One is a front-end network. This network bundles...
Radiation measurement at deep-sea environment helps to get a better understanding on deep-sea sedimentation, geological structure, radiation monitoring and so on. However, reports about radiation of natural deep-sea environment are rare, especially about deep-sea in-situ gamma radiation measurement. Two gamma spectrometers and two neutron spectrometers are going to be used in deep-sea in-situ...
Mu2e is a next generation search for muon to electron conversion that will improve the current physics sensitivity by 4 orders of magnitude. The experiment will need a high-quality pulsed proton beam with extinction, or the ratio of out of time to in time protons, better than 10-10. In order to achieve this performance, the beam extinction in the Delivery ring must be better than 10-5. To...
The Belle II experiment is a high-energy physics experiment using the SuperKEKB electron-positron collider. Belle II has started the so-called "phase 3" data taking from March, 2019.
With Belle II data, high precision measurement of rare decays and CP-violation in heavy quarks and leptons will be made to probe New Physics. In this presentation, we present the archiver system to monitor the...
In the field of nuclear physics, DAQ systems based on the legacy parallel bus (CAMAC and VME) are still widely working. In case of RIKEN RIBF which is an accelerator facility dedicated for RI beams in Japan, about 20 VME crates are used for experiments. Recent trends of the DAQ front-end architecture are based on the micro-TCA (uTCA) or the direct attachment of the GigaBit Ehternet (GbE) link....
The data acquisition console is one component of EAST data acquisition system, which provides unified configuration management for data acquisition and data storage. The data acquisition console was developed many years ago, and with the increasing of data acquisition nodes and the emergence of new control nodes, the function of configuration management has become inadequate. It can’t manage...
Verification before and during treatment is very needed in Radiotherapy. 9 out of 17 cases in radiotherapy did not detect any errors during pre-treatment verification but were detected at verification during treatment or real-time measurement, namely In-Vivo Dosimetry (IVD). One of the most massive developments in IVD is using EPID. there are already several algorithms to build it, one...
Particle tracking simulations including space charge effect are very important for high intensity proton rings. Since they include not only Hamilton mechanics of a single particle but constructing charge densities and solving Poisson equations to obtain the electromagnetic field due to the space charge, they are extremely time-consuming. We have newly developed a particle tracking simulation...
The China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor (CFETR) is the next-generation facility in the roadmap for the realization of fusion energy in China, which is at the stage of concept design. During concept design, it is estimated that it will generate about ten million 3D components, 2D diagrams, project and design documents over the entire lifecycle of CFETR. To ensure the consistency of CFETR...
The COMET experiment at J-PARC aims to search for the neutrinoless transition of a muon to an electron (µ–e conversion). Since µ–e conversion is strictly forbidden in the Standard Model, it would be the clear evidence of the new physics if it is found. We have developed the readout electronics board called ROESTI for the COMET straw tube tracker. We plan to install the ROESTI in the gas...
Current Sensitive Preamplifiers (CSPs) are widely used in front-end electronics in DAQ (Data Acquisition System). The optimization of energy resolution requires front-end electronics with low noise and suitable gain, bandwidth, etc. We define the noise normalization factor containing noise, gain of CSPs and integrated gate of pulse. The linear model between energy resolution and noise...
Real-time track reconstruction in high energy physics experiments at colliders running at high luminosity is very challenging for trigger systems. When it is run on FPGAs, the Retina algorithm has been used in High Energy Physics experiments mainly in the case of parallel plane detection layers without magnetic field such as the LHCb VELO detector. However another interesting geometry is a...
We present design and test results of a four-channel 4 x 14-Gbps VCSEL array driver ASIC with a novel output structure fabricated in 65 nm CMOS technology. The driver die features a size of 2000 µm × 1230 µm with four independent channels. Each channel receives 200 mVp-p differential CML signals and outputs a 2 mA bias current and a 5 mA modulation current at 14 Gbps/ch.
The analog core of...
Silicon technologies have been constantly progressing but intrinsically they will never satisfy demands of performance in HEP projects, so that current available technologies with reasonable cost can always be considered low tech. In our daily design jobs, however, there are rooms for the designers to put in various good thinking to eliminate unnecessary elements or operations which will...
With the growth of machine learning models and neural networks in measurement and control systems comes the need to deploy these models in a way that is compatible with existing systems. Existing options for deploying neural networks either introduce very high latency, requires expensive and time consuming work to integrate into existing code bases, or only support a very limited subset of...
In recent years, irrigations have been built on dry areas in Majes-Arequipa. Over time, the irrigations water forms moist areas in lower areas, which can have positive or negative consequences. Therefore, it is important to know in advance where the water from the new irrigation will appear. The limited availability of real-time satellite image data is still a hindrance to some applications....
The JEM-EUSO Collaboration aims at studying Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECR) from space. In order to reach this goal, a series of pathfinder missions has been developed to prove the observation principle and to raise the technological readiness level of the instrument. Among these, the EUSO-SPB2 (Extreme Universe Space Observatory on a Super Pressure Balloon, mission two) foresees the...
The DUNE 10 kton dual-phase module is foreseen acquiring data in continuous streaming via 10 Gbit/s links from 240 uTCA crates hosting 2400 front-end AMC digitizers of 64 readout channels each. The transmitted data flow is compressed in the AMCs with a lossless algorithm. Triggers are defined online by the back-end DAQ system, which continuously analyses the data stream from the uTCA crates to...
The new LHCb Vertex Locator for LHCb, comprising a new pixel detector
and readout electronics will be installed in 2020 for data-taking in
Run 3 at the LHC. The electronics centres around the "VeloPix" ASIC at
the front-end operating in a triggerless readout at 40 MHz. A custom
serialiser, called GWT (Gigabit Wireline Transmitter) and associated
custom protocol have been designed for...
We present the threshold voltage generation for CMS Endcap-Timing-Layer (ELT) readout ASIC called ETROC. ETROC together with the chosen sensor, low gain avalanche diode (LGAD), aim to achieve time resolution of 30~40 ps per track. In the analog front-end of ETROC, a pre-amplifier amplifies the signal from LGAD sensor, and then a discriminator converts the pre-amplifier signal into digital...
The new ALICE Inner Tracking System (ITS) is currently in its commissioning phase. The ITS sensors are read out by 192 ITS readout units, which send the data to the counting room. These readout units are located 4 m from theALICE experiment beam collision point and are therefore in a radiation zone. Thus, the components on the readout unit are radiation tolerant. The sensor data are collected...
Hyper-Kamiokande is a next generation underground water Cherenkov detector designed to study neutrinos from astronomical sources, nucleon decay, with the main focus on the determination of leptonic CP violation. To detect the weak Cherenkov light generated by neutrino interactions or proton decay, the newly developed 20inch PMT will be used in addition to a system of small photomultipliers as...
We present a 144-channel detection module for gamma spectroscopy that couples a SiPM detectors array to a thick LaBr3 scintillation crystal. The module features custom front-end electronics, state-of-the-art energy resolution (2.9% at 662keV), 80kHz monolithic acquisition rate and embedded, real-time imaging capabilities. The relatively large number of independent channels allows to achieve a...
We present the design and test results of a Drivers and Limiting AmplifierS operating at 10 Gbps (DLAS10) and Miniature Optical Transmitter/Receiver/Transceiver modules (MTx+, MRx+, and MTRx+) based on DLAS10. DLAS10 can drive two Transmitter Optical Sub-Assemblies (TOSAs) of Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers (VCSELs), receive the signals from two Receiver Optical Sub-Assemblies (ROSAs)...
The COMET Phase-I experiment plans to search for the muon-to-electron conversion with a single event sensitivity of $3\times10^{-15}$, which has never been observed. The event signature is a mono-energetic electron of $105\,\mathrm{MeV/c}$ for muonic atoms formed in aluminum. This electron is detected by a cylindrical drift chamber (CDC) and a trigger hodoscope in a 1-T solenoidal magnetic...
We have developed a multi-channel high time resolution DAQ system for TOT (time over threshold)-ASIC. The developed FPGA based DAQ has 144 channels per board with an ethernet readout for measuring the energy and timing information simultaneously. The measured time resolution of the developed DAQ board is up to 62.5 ps and should be possible to achieve up to 15.625 ps in the future. This...
Exploiting commodity FPGAs in the front-end electronics is a standard solution
for readout and trigger electronics for the HL-LHC. It requires the system to be
capable of configuring, debugging and testing the firmware from a remote host.
Furthermore, the control system is also responsible for monitoring and recovery
in case of the SEU errors on the configuration memory of the FPGAs....
The particle physics experiments produce the data in the order of tens GB per hour. Due to the limited resources for data storage and offline processing this amount has to be reduced with respect to the events strongly related to the ongoing experiment. Data acquisition (DAQ) system is the key component dedicated to data collecting and storing at different stages of the particle detector...
The ATLAS Forward Proton (AFP) project extends the forward physics program of the multipurpose ATLAS detector located at LHC in CERN. The time-of-flight (ToF) detector measures the time delay of the detected high-energy protons (HEPs) during the multiple proton-proton collisions. Due to the high luminosity at LHC the number of events detected by ToF is enormous as well as the amount of data...
A superconducting cyclotron, namely CYCIAE-230, is developed by China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE) as a proton source for cancer therapy. As proton therapy is a very demanding application for beam stability, it is very important to control the isochronism for the cyclotron. In the daily operation of the accelerator, the accumulation of phase slip should be limited. In general, there are...
The observations of Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flashes (TGF) from ground today are still a challenge since there is not much ground detectors are built for detecting those energetic bursts. Inherit from the detector design of the IGOSat nanosatellite, we are proposing a new project to develop a payload and a platform for measuring gamma-rays from 100 keV up to 2 MeV. The payload contains a...
The Fast timing detector is widely used for its picosecond (ps) level time resolution, such as the small MCP-PMTs with about 50ps@ SPE, some fast SiPM with about 100ps@SPE. The time characteristics of these types of fast timing photodetector refer to rise time, fall time and electron transition time of the output signal. The transition time is the interval from the generation of photoelectrons...
The Advanced GAmma Tracking Array (AGATA) multi detector spectrometer will provide precise information for the study of the properties of the exotic nuclear matter (very unbalanced proton (Z) and neutron (N) numbers) along proton- and neutron- drip lines and of super-heavy nuclei. This is done using the latest technology of particle accelerators. The AGATA spectrometer consists of a 180 high...
A real-time data-driven disruption prediction algorithm has been implemented in the Plasma Control System (PCS) of the EAST superconducting tokamak. Disruptions are dangerous, unforeseen events and they can cause extreme damage to the plasma facing components via rapid (on the order of milliseconds) release of the magnetic stored energy and plasma current. Therefore, a real-time warning system...
Accurate plasma shape control is the basis of tokamak plasma experiments and physical research. Modeling of the linearized control response of plasma shape and position has been widely used for shape controller design in the last several years. But it usually contains much of the uncertainty, such as structured uncertainties and unmodeled dynamics. EAST tokamak plasma shape controller design...
Liquid scintillation counting(LSC) is widely used in the absolute radioactivity measurement for its advantages in no-self-absorption, simple sample preparation and relatively easy application to many radionuclides, for example, to 60Co and 134Cs. Base on the existing liquid scintillation testing platform and self-developed acquisition system, we could obtain the energy spectrum and time...
This paper presents a non-uniform multiphase (NUMP) time-to-digital converter (TDC) implemented in field-programmable gate array (FPGA) with automatic temperature compensation in real time. NUMP-TDC is a novel low-cost, high-performance TDC that has achieved an excellent (2.3-ps, root mean square) timing precision in Altera Cyclone V FPGA. However, the time delays of the delay chains in some...
Keda Torus eXperiment (KTX) is a new reversed field pinch (RFP) plasma scientific device at the University of Science and Technology of China. Resistive wall modes (RWMs) and tearing modes (TMs) of RFP configuration limit the increase of discharge duration.
The objective of this paper is to introduce a new electronics design that is a main part of magnetic field active control system. The...
The CMS experiment at the LHC selects events with a two-level trigger system, the Level-1 (L1) trigger and the High Level trigger (HLT). The HLT reduces the rate from 100 kHz to about 1 kHz and has access to the full detector readout and runs a streamlined version of the offline event reconstruction. During LHC Run-2 the peak instantaneous luminosity reached values up to 2x10^34 cm-2.s-1,...
The COMET experiment aims to search for the neutrinoless muon to electron transition process. The online trigger system is an integral part of reaching the sensitivity levels required and will be located in the detector region where high levels of neutron radiation are expected. Consequently a significant number of soft errors in the digital logic of the on board field programmable gate arrays...
Considering the increasing number of cancer patients, China has built its carbon ion therapy facility, which has been officially put into clinic treatment in August 2020. The beam monitoring system in the therapy facility ensures the beam energy deposition can accurately cover the dedicated tumor region and the correct dose can be delivered. Hence, a precise and non-invasive real-time beam...
The muon campus program at Fermilab includes the Mu2e experiment that will search for a charged-lepton flavor violating processes where a negative muon converts into an electron in the field of an aluminum nucleus, improving by four orders of magnitude the search sensitivity reached so far.
Mu2e’s Trigger and Data Acquisition System (TDAQ) uses otsdaq as its solution. Developed at...
The RIBF DAQ system is used for researches of unstable nuclear physics at RI Beam Factory in RIKEN [H.Baba et al., Nucl.Instr.Meth.A 616, 65 (2010)]. This system can take the data of CAMAC and VME standard modules such as QDC, TDC, ADC from front-end-computers. Recently, the new MOCO (mountable controller) and the MPV (MOCO with parallelized VME) system have been developed [H.Baba et al.,...
This paper describes a FADC Readout system developed for the tap water α/β dose monitoring system which is based on EJ444 phoswich scintillation detector and wavelength shifting fiber readout. The Readout system contains dual sampling channels that can supply sampling rate up to 1 GSPS, 14-Bit vertical resolution and adequate effective number of bits (9.7 Bits at 10 MHz), which is optimum for...
The CDEX (China Dark matter Experiment) aims at detection of WIMPs (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles) and 0vbb (Neutrinoless double beta decay) of 76Ge. It now uses ~10 kg HPGe (High Purity Germanium) detectors in CJPL (China Jinping Underground Laboratory). The energy resolution of detectors is calculated via height spectrum of waveforms with 6-µs shaping time. It is necessary to know how...
As the leading research platform of heavy-ion science in China, the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL) provides heavy-ion beams for research on nuclear physics and related applications. The beam monitoring system in HIRFL ensures the beam can be delivered in an accurate manner. The full image of the beam energy deposition is needed for accurate beam calibration, thus a Monolithic...
Pixel array chips are widely used in physical experiments. The data rate of the pixel array chip can be considerably high (640Mbps for Topmetal-M), and the analog output is generally converted to a digital value by a low-precision ADC at the output end. When analyzing the quantized data for online pattern recognition, neural networks and deep learning are promising methods to perform on-site...
Shanghai Hard X-ray Free Electron Laser Facility (SHINE) aims at producing the X-ray pulses in the photon energy range from 3 keV to 25 keV, which is under construction. To target the design purpose, SHINE requires high precise distribution of the clock and timing signals over distance of about 3.1 km. Based on the standard White Rabbit (WR) precision time protocol, this paper presents a...
The FERS-5200 is the new CAEN Front-End Readout System for large detector arrays. It consists in a compact, distributed and easy-deployable solution integrating front-end based on ASICs, A/D conversion, data processing, synchronization and readout. Using the appropriate Front-End the solution perfectly fits a wide range of detectors such as SiPMs, multianode PMTs, GEMs, Silicon Strip...
A new Muon-to-Central-Trigger Processor Interface (MUCTPI) was built as part of the upgrade
of the ATLAS Level-1 trigger system for the next run of the Large Hadron Collider at CERN.
The MUCTPI has 208 high-speed optical serial links for receiving muon candidates from the
muon trigger detectors. Three high-end FPGAs are used for real-time processing of the muon
candidates, for sending...
The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is a 20 kton multi-purpose underground neutrino detector which was proposed in order to determine, as its primary goal, the neutrino mass hierarchy using reactor anti-neutrinos produced by the nearby nuclear power plants as a source. The detector is currently under construction in China.
A module able to manage 0.5 Tbps of aggregate...
Detector readout systems for medium to large scale physics experiments, and instruments in some other fields as well, are generally composed of multiple front-end digitizer boards distributed over a certain area. Often, this hardware has to be synchronized to a common reference clock with minimal skew and low jitter. These front-end units usually also need to receive messages synchronously,...
Modern data acquisition systems have the common need of near real-time visualization of parameters and slow control variables of an experiment. This includes the display of values in text format but also in various graphs including trend lines vs. time. The MIDAS DAQ system which is used word-wide in various experiments (TRIUMF, PSI, CERN, T2K, …) has recently be extended to allow such...
We explore the application of concepts developed in High Energy Physics (HEP) for advanced medical data analysis.
Our study case is a problem with high social impact: clinically-feasible Magnetic Resonance Fingerprinting (MRF). MRF is a new, quantitative, imaging technique that replaces multiple qualitative MRI exams with a single, reproducible measurement for increased sensitivity and...
TileCal is the central hadronic calorimeter of the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). It is a sampling detector where scintillating tiles are embedded in steel absorber plates. The tiles are grouped forming cells, which are read-out on both sides by photomultiplier tubes (PMTs). The PMT digital samples are transmitted to the Read-Out Drivers (ROD) located in the back-end...
The LHC plans a series of upgrades towards a High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) to increase up to 5-7 times the current nominal instantaneous luminosity. The ATLAS experiment will accommodate the detector and data acquisition system to the HL-LHC requirements during the Long Shutdown 3 (2024-2026), where the on- and off-detector electronics of Tile Calorimeter (TileCal) will be completely replaced...
ncreasing demands for modularity and bandwidth especially in Physics applications create a constant challenge to meet the requirements of application from the “low end” (i.e. Industrial PLC type of control) to the “high end” (i.e. data acquisition and processing with high-end FPGAs). Existing switched MOSA (modular open system architecture) approaches such as MicroTCA, which are heavily used...
FPGA-based systems for real-time data acquisition in long-term experiments require an interface for hardware control if they do not act autonomously. Besides a low-level register interface, access to I2C and SPI buses is also needed to configure the complete device. Advanced control flows and calculations required for configuration and calibration are not possible without implementation on the...
Ionization chamber Beam Loss Monitor (icBLM) and neutron Beam Loss Monitor (nBLM) systems are fundamental components of European Spallation Source (ESS) accelerator safety infrastructure. Main responsibility of these devices is an instantaneous and reliable detection of accelerated proton beam loss that exceeds predefined safety threshold. The detection statuses from several detectors are...
For long-pulse-tokamaks, one of the main challenges in control strategy is to simultaneously reach multiple control objectives using a limited set of actuators and to robustly handle in real-time (RT) off-normal-events (ONE). We have developed a flexible and generic architecture of the plasma control system (PCS) to deal with these issues. The PCS is separated into a tokamak-dependent and a...
EasyPET-3D is an affordable PET scanner technology capable of acquiring
real time and high quality in-vivo PET images of mice. While the high price
of preclinical PET scanners makes them unaccessible for many research
centers, EasyPET-3D reduces the overall costs without compromising image
quality. The system uses an innovative acquisition method based on two
rotation axes for the movement of...
As a neutrino experiment, the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) aims to determine the neutrino mass ordering along with other purposes. The Central Detector (CD) of JUNO is a 20k ton liquid scintillator, has diameter 35.4m. About 18000 photomultipliers (PMT) spread on the surface of the CD sphere to detect the scintillation light.
As the dark noise of the PMTs is quite high...
The LHC is expected to increase its center-of-mass energy to 14 TeV with an instantaneous luminosity to 2x1034 cm-2s-1 for Run 3 scheduled from 2021 to 2023. The High-Luminosity-LHC (HL-LHC) program is then planned to start the operation in 2026 with an instantaneous luminosity of 7.5x1034 cm-2s-1. In order to cope with the high event rate, continuous upgrades of the ATLAS trigger system are...
We present a new data acquisition system for
the COMPASS++/AMBER experiment designed as a further
development of the Intelligent FPGA-based Data Acquisition
framework. The system is designed to have a throughput of
5 GB/s. The system includes front-end cards, fully-digital trigger
processor, data multiplexers, data switch, an event builder, and
a PCIe interface to the PC for data...
On the strength of a double Nobel prize-winning experiment (Super)Kamiokande and an extremely successful long-baseline neutrino program, the third generation Water Cherenkov detector, Hyper-Kamiokande, is being developed by an international collaboration as a leading worldwide experiment based in Japan. Hyper-Kamiokande will be able to measure with the highest precision the leptonic CP...
Due to the lack of results by ‘traditional’ Dark Matter (DM) searches, in the last years, the experimental activity extended to search for DM hints at different mass scales, through new experiments performed at accelerators. The Beam Dump eXperiment at Jefferson Laboratory aims to reveal dark matter particles produced in the interaction of an intense electron beam with the beam dump. An...
In high energy physics experiments, frontend digitization modules are usually driven by a common clock. At the frontend electronics and digitization modules of the detector, a precise timing reference must establish in order to make a useful timing measurement. It would be very useful for the frontend digitization system to include a feature of redundant timing crosschecking. The inspiration...
A precise and stable timing system is necessary for high
intensity proton accelerators such as the J-PARC. The existing timing
system, which was developed during the construction period of the
J-PARC, has been working without major issues since 2006. After a
decade of operation, the optical modules, which are key components for
signal transfer, were discontinued already. Thus, the...
The reconstruction and identification of tau leptons decaying into hadrons are crucial for physics studies with tau leptons in the final state at the LHC. The recently deployed tau identification algorithm using deep neural networks at the CMS experiment for the discrimination of taus from light flavour quark or gluon induced jets, electrons, or muons is an ideal example for the exploitation...
A Large Ion Collider Experiment (ALICE) is one of the four major experiments conducted by CERN at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The ALICE detector is currently undergoing an upgrade for the upcoming Run 3 at the LHC. The new Inner Tracking System (ITS) sub-detector is part of this upgrade. The front-end electronics of ITS is deployed in a radiation environment, and Single Event Upsets...
Jefferson Lab (JLab) operates the CEBAF accelerator that provides a high energy (up to 12 GeV) and high current (up to 150 µA) polarized electron beam for fixed target experiments. JLab's mission is to provide substantial progress in understanding the Quantum Chromo Dynamics (QCD), the current theory of the spectrum and the dynamics of hadronic matter. Given the broad scientific program a...
The Phase-2 Upgrade of the CMS experiment is designed to prepare its detectors for operation at the High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC). The upgraded collider will begin operation in 2026, featuring new challenging conditions in terms of data throughput, pile-up and radiation, reasons for which the tracker detector will be entirely replaced by a new design. We present the current...
Recently, the Streaming Readout paradigm has gained traction as a viable alternative to classic triggered readout architectures for future experiments, for example at the planned Electron-Ion Collider. The sPHENIX apparatus at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider, a significant upgrade of the former PHENIX detector, cannot yet implement a full streaming readout, although the (by data volume)...
In current PET scanners, coincidence finding is often performed inside FPGAs because of their high parallelization capacities. Nowadays, the trend in PET is to multiply the number of individual detection channels, and thus the FPGAs dedicated to the coincidence engine need to be increasingly powerful. However, FPGAs have a limited number of I/O ports, and their cost becomes prohibitive for the...
The Gamma Ray Energy Tracking Array (GRETA) is a 4-π detector system, currently under development, capable of determining energy, timing and tracking of multiple gamma-ray interactions inside germanium crystals as demonstrated in GRETINA. Charge sensitive amplifiers instrument the crystals and their outputs are converted using analog to digital converters for real-time digital processing. In...
Abstract
We present a High-Level Python-based Hardware Description Language (HLPyHDL), which uses object-oriented Python as a source language and converts it to standard VHDL.
It uses python as its source language and converts it to standard VHDL. Compared to other approaches of building converters from a high-level programming language into a hardware description language, this new...
The Time of Propagation (TOP) subdetector at the Belle II experiment requires a single photon timing resolution of below 100 picoseconds to identify the type of charged hadrons produced in $e^+e^-$ collisions at SuperKEKB collider. Due to data bandwidth constraints only the amplitude and the timing information calculated from the digitized photon pulses are transmitted to the Belle II DAQ...
PicoPET is a new generation of advanced data acquisition system for modern nuclear imaging. Very different from conventional front-end electronics designs, the key innovation of the PicoPET electronics is to include almost all functions of the front-end readout electronics, including signal splitting for energy and timing measurements, signal clustering and event triggering for detectors with...
Belle II is an experiment dedicated to explore the new physics beyond the Standard Model of elementary particles at the beam intensity frontier, SuperKEKB accelerator, which is located at KEK, Japan. Belle II has started data-taking since April, 2018, with a synchronous data acquisition (DAQ) system based on a pipelined trigger flow control. Belle II DAQ system is designed to handle 30 kHz...
Scientific experiments rely on some type of measurements that provides the required data to extract aimed information or conclusions. Data production and analysis are therefore essential components at the heart of any scientific experimental application.
Traditionally, efforts on detector development for photon sources have focused on the properties and performance of the detection...
White Rabbit is a deterministic Ethernet-based network for general purpose data transfer and sub-nanosecond time synchronization in large distributed systems, which has been used for the new control system of the injector chain at CERN. White Rabbit mainly uses optical fiber and LC optical fiber connector for data transmission between White Rabbit devices. The commercial off-the-shelf copper...
