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dong zhang06/07/2016, 13:30Repetitive Pulsed Power Systems, Repetitive Pulsed Magnetics, Accelerators, Beams, High Power Microwaves, and High Power Pulse AntennasPoster PresentationMagnetic Pulse Compressor (MPC) is an efficient solution to obtain high compress gain, high repetition rate and high voltage output. A 100kV nanosecond pulse generator based on MPC is presented. For an improved efficiency of compress, a gas switch, a pulse transformer and a saturable pulse transformer are combined to compress the pulse width; meanwhile, the voltage output is amplified as well....Go to contribution page
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Tony Fowler (CERN)06/07/2016, 13:30Repetitive Pulsed Power Systems, Repetitive Pulsed Magnetics, Accelerators, Beams, High Power Microwaves, and High Power Pulse AntennasPoster PresentationAs part of the LHC Injector Upgrade (LIU) project, the production of a high-intensity proton beam in the Proton Synchrotron Booster (PSB) at CERN will be achieved by injecting a beam of H- ions from the new LINAC4. During the injection process the two electrons of the H- ions are removed with a stripping foil across which the machine orbit is shifted to fill the machine aperture with beam. The...Go to contribution page
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Mrs Chengyan Ren (Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences)06/07/2016, 13:30Repetitive Pulsed Power Systems, Repetitive Pulsed Magnetics, Accelerators, Beams, High Power Microwaves, and High Power Pulse AntennasPoster PresentationPlasma synthetic jet (PSJ) is considered as one of the effective plasma actuators for flow control, which has drawn much attention. In this paper, a compact microsecond-pulse generator with high-voltage and three outputs is developed for achieving synchronous discharge for three PSJ actuators. The working principle of the generator is introduced and the waveforms of each part of the circuit...Go to contribution page
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Mr Yan Mi (College of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, China)06/07/2016, 13:30Repetitive Pulsed Power Systems, Repetitive Pulsed Magnetics, Accelerators, Beams, High Power Microwaves, and High Power Pulse AntennasPoster PresentationMagnetic compression system (MPC) is suitable for generating (Dielectric Barrier Discharges) DBD discharge due to its capability of producing high amplitude and short pulses voltage wave. Because of the frequency limit caused by magnetic core reset, and the high DBD discharge voltage, which is often up to several tens kV under the low-frequency unipolar voltage wave, this paper proposes a...Go to contribution page
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Dr Davide Aguglia (CERN)06/07/2016, 13:30Repetitive Pulsed Power Systems, Repetitive Pulsed Magnetics, Accelerators, Beams, High Power Microwaves, and High Power Pulse AntennasPoster PresentationIn particles accelerators pulsed magnets are typically used in Linacs, transfer lines, as well as in injection and extraction areas. The required power converter current and voltage ranges can be very wide and depends on the beam energy, and the actual magnet and building configurations. This is even truer for large physics research facilities such as CERN. It is of great importance that the...Go to contribution page
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Mr Jiaqi Yan (State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China)06/07/2016, 13:30Repetitive Pulsed Power Systems, Repetitive Pulsed Magnetics, Accelerators, Beams, High Power Microwaves, and High Power Pulse AntennasPoster PresentationThe lifetime evaluation of High Voltage Ceramic Capacitors (HVCC), especially the ones working under repetitive pulses, is of great importance, which influences the overall stability of pulsed power system. However rare relevant studies were made under the conditions of repetitive rate pulse. In order to realize the accelerated lifetime testing for HVCC, a high voltage, high current repetitive...Go to contribution page
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Mr Guo Fan (Institute of Fluid Physics)06/07/2016, 13:30Repetitive Pulsed Power Systems, Repetitive Pulsed Magnetics, Accelerators, Beams, High Power Microwaves, and High Power Pulse AntennasPoster PresentationInduction voltage adder accelerators are always employed to achieve high voltage and fast rise time voltage pulse for various research aims. The voltage pulses generated by pulse forming section are added by induction cell. Azimuthal transmission line is used to ensure current uniformity at secondary transmission line section. This results in two dimensional power flow in the induction cell. A...Go to contribution page
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Prof. Elanseralathan Kasinathan (Pondicherry Engineering College), Mr Logesh Guber (Pondicherry Engineering College), Makendran Gunasekaran, Mr Malaiyappasamy Sivashanmugam (Pondicherry Engineering College)06/07/2016, 13:30Dielectrics, Insulation, and BreakdownPoster PresentationWe analyze insulation failure in polymer composite blocks using different wave shapes. We found the ratio of epoxy resin (CY230_1) and Hardener (HY951) for different samples supplised by Huntsman using a needle plane electrode configuration for different sample sizes and shapes. The polymer composite blocks consisted of a combination of epoxy resin and hardener as a neat polymer with...Go to contribution page
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Chongyang Mao (Tsinghua University)06/07/2016, 13:30Repetitive Pulsed Power Systems, Repetitive Pulsed Magnetics, Accelerators, Beams, High Power Microwaves, and High Power Pulse AntennasPoster PresentationNonuniform transmission lines are widely used as impedance transformers in pulsed power systems such as Z-pinch drivers. The transmission characteristics of the nonuniform line are important issues for the system. As the characteristic impedance varies along the nonuniform transmission line, it is difficult to investigate the transmission characteristics using analytical methods. In this...Go to contribution page
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Baha Yakupoglu (Auburn University)06/07/2016, 13:30Repetitive Pulsed Power Systems, Repetitive Pulsed Magnetics, Accelerators, Beams, High Power Microwaves, and High Power Pulse AntennasPoster PresentationCarbon Nanotubes (CNTs) are very diverse nano-scale materials that carry excellent electrical, mechanical, and chemical properties. In this study, selectively growing randomly oriented multi-walled CNTs are fabricated in-house on ceramic substrates by using thermal Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) technique. The fabricated samples are then tested for field emission characteristics and assembled...Go to contribution page
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Mr Ryutaro Suzuki (Nagaoka University of Technology)06/07/2016, 13:30Repetitive Pulsed Power Systems, Repetitive Pulsed Magnetics, Accelerators, Beams, High Power Microwaves, and High Power Pulse AntennasPoster PresentationA high power, long pulse modulator aimed at application to International Linear Collider (ILC) is being developed. The target parameters are: 120 kV (±0.5%), 140 A, 1.7 ms, and 5 pps, with consideration on compactness, reliability, and cost control. A solid state, chopper controlled pulsed power generator using Marx-topology has been proposed. This paper concentrates on the switching...Go to contribution page
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Mr Takumi Hayashi (Nagaoka University of Technology)06/07/2016, 13:30Repetitive Pulsed Power Systems, Repetitive Pulsed Magnetics, Accelerators, Beams, High Power Microwaves, and High Power Pulse AntennasPoster PresentationA high power, long pulse modulator aimed at application to International Linear Collider (ILC) is being developed. The target parameters are: 120 kV (±0.5%), 140 A, 1.7 ms, and 5 pps, with consideration on compactness, reliability, and cost control. A solid state, chopper controlled pulsed power generator using Marx-topology has been proposed. This paper focuses on the charging circuit and...Go to contribution page
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Gerard Mcmonagle (CERN)06/07/2016, 13:30Repetitive Pulsed Power Systems, Repetitive Pulsed Magnetics, Accelerators, Beams, High Power Microwaves, and High Power Pulse AntennasPoster PresentationThe Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) beam-based acceleration baseline uses travelling wave accelerating structures at a frequency of 12 GHz. In order to prove the performance of these structures at high peak power and short pulse width RF, two klystron-based test facilities have been put in operation in the last years. The third X-band testing facility at CERN (Xbox3) has recently been...Go to contribution page
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Michael Osemann (Ampegon-PPT GmbH)06/07/2016, 13:30Repetitive Pulsed Power Systems, Repetitive Pulsed Magnetics, Accelerators, Beams, High Power Microwaves, and High Power Pulse AntennasPoster PresentationAs a manufacturer for industrial, medical and scientific pulsed power applications we are frequently confronted with testing new, custom designed power modulators, i.e. pulse generators. In their purposed applications these modulators are often intended to be used on extremely expensive RF tubes like Klystrons. Therefore, it became necessary for us as well as for our customers to...Go to contribution page
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Mr Hunter Cravey (Texas Tech University)06/07/2016, 13:30Repetitive Pulsed Power Systems, Repetitive Pulsed Magnetics, Accelerators, Beams, High Power Microwaves, and High Power Pulse AntennasPoster PresentationDESIGN AND PERFORMANCE OF AN 8 LINE GYROMAGNETIC NONLINEAR TRANSMISSION ARRAY William. H. Cravey, Robert D. Ryan, Andreas. A. Neuber, James. C. Dickens and John. J. Mankowski Center for Pulsed Power and Power Electronics Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA This paper discusses the design, fabrication, and performance of an eight...Go to contribution page
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Ryoma Ogata (iwate university)06/07/2016, 13:30Repetitive Pulsed Power Systems, Repetitive Pulsed Magnetics, Accelerators, Beams, High Power Microwaves, and High Power Pulse AntennasPoster PresentationCompact pulsed power generators have been used some fields such as biology, agriculture, environment and so on. Therefore, any researchers demand functions such as miniaturization, weight saving, safety and ease to use. Recently, those control systems using a microcomputer or a field programmable gate array (FPGA) has been studied for flexible changing circuits and control of pulsed power....Go to contribution page
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Hulya Kirkici (Auburn University)06/07/2016, 13:30Dielectrics, Insulation, and BreakdownPoster PresentationNano-dielectrics are shown to have improved electrical and dielectric properties compared to the non-filled bulk material. Surface flash-over is one form of breakdown, usually occurs over the surface of insulator between the energized electrodes due to high field stress when the field stress at the insulator/electrode/ambient interfaces. Understanding the characteristics of surface flash over...Go to contribution page
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Dr Brad Hoff (Air Force Research Laboratory)06/07/2016, 13:30Dielectrics, Insulation, and BreakdownPoster PresentationAdditive manufacturing techniques offer the potential to fabricate dielectric insulators with highly complex geometry; however, the relative lack of bulk dielectric strength data for many of these materials potentially limits the usefulness of these techniques for fabricating structures intended for use in high field environments. Furthermore, data suggests that the choice of printing...Go to contribution page
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Ms Zenjebil Jouini (Laplace Université Paul Sabatier)06/07/2016, 13:30Dielectrics, Insulation, and BreakdownPoster PresentationThe high voltage IGBT (HVIGBT) power modules are used in railways applications to build power converters. Ceramics are used in such modules because of their high electrical insulation properties even at high temperatures, coupled with high thermal conductivity.Dielectrics fail electrically when a breakdown occurs, which leads to a formation of an electrically conductive channel through the...Go to contribution page
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Paolo Delgiusto06/07/2016, 13:30Repetitive Pulsed Power Systems, Repetitive Pulsed Magnetics, Accelerators, Beams, High Power Microwaves, and High Power Pulse AntennasPoster PresentationThe FERMI Free Electron Laser facility is based on a 1,5 GeV S Band linear accelerator. The facility operates for more than 6500 hours/year. The RF klystron modulators consist of high voltage pulse generators based on thyratron switched pulse forming networks and step up transformer technology. High output voltage stability from the modulators is required to meet the demanding specifications...Go to contribution page
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Alexander Pokryvailo (Spellman High Voltage Electronics Corp.)06/07/2016, 13:30Plasmas, Discharges, and Electromagnetic PhenomenaPoster PresentationIt is known that a nonuniform electric field can exert forces on neutral matter. In liquids, these forces may cause intense movement. The governing physics here are electrostatics and fluid dynamics. In paper [1], we calculated heat transfer in a vessel filled with transformer oil using COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS®. This was probably one of the first attempts to analyze EC numerically. The present...Go to contribution page
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06/07/2016, 13:30Dielectrics, Insulation, and BreakdownPoster PresentationAs an indispensable part of GIS (Gas Insulated Switchgear), the cone-type insulator supports the transmission bus and separates SF6 gas chambers, which is as well the weakest link of insulation of the switchgear. The existence of metal particles, which is possibly produced during the fabrication, installation or maintenance of GIS, can lead to the tremendous distortion of local electric field,...Go to contribution page
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Dr Xingjun Ge (National University of Defense Technology)06/07/2016, 13:30Repetitive Pulsed Power Systems, Repetitive Pulsed Magnetics, Accelerators, Beams, High Power Microwaves, and High Power Pulse AntennasPoster PresentationThe physical idea, specific structure and main testing results of a GW-class S-band relativistic backward-wave oscillator (RBWO) with pulse duration above 200 ns are presented. To restrain the “pulse shortening” phenomenon, special attentions are paid on two aspects in our designing. One is to optimize the electrodynamic structures to decrease the electric field on the surfaces of slow-wave...Go to contribution page
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Robert Ryan (Texas Tech University)06/07/2016, 13:30Repetitive Pulsed Power Systems, Repetitive Pulsed Magnetics, Accelerators, Beams, High Power Microwaves, and High Power Pulse AntennasPoster PresentationThis paper discusses the experimental results of a reprated NLTL based HPM source featuring a sealed, mid-plane triggered, spark gap switch. This new design feature is expected to result in more robust and repeatable performance. Previous high reprate (>100 Hz) NLTL systems employed trigatron spark gaps with high pressure flow which suffered from non-repeatable operation. The NLTL is driven...Go to contribution page
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James Prager (Eagle Harbor Technologies, Inc.)06/07/2016, 13:30Repetitive Pulsed Power Systems, Repetitive Pulsed Magnetics, Accelerators, Beams, High Power Microwaves, and High Power Pulse AntennasPoster PresentationEagle Harbor Technologies, Inc. (EHT) is utilizing the previously developed EHT Nanosecond Pulser (NSP) to drive a nonlinear transmission line (NLTL) for high power microwave production. The EHT NSP provides independent control of the output voltage (20 kV), pulse width (20 – 200 ns), and pulse repetition frequency (up to 100 kHz). EHT is using this pulser to investigate RF production with a...Go to contribution page
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344. High Power Microwave Pulse Compressors With a Variable Geometry of Accumulative Resonant Cavity06/07/2016, 13:30Repetitive Pulsed Power Systems, Repetitive Pulsed Magnetics, Accelerators, Beams, High Power Microwaves, and High Power Pulse AntennasPoster Presentation
This work describes a new approach for designing large accumulative resonant cavities of high power microwave pulse compressors by replacing a fixed shape (cylinder, sphere, prism) microwave compressor resonator with a variable geometry accumulative resonant system. Such a system is designed based on the standard structure element made as one mode or moderately multimode waveguide section...
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Guan-Jun Zhang (Xi'an Jiaotong University)06/07/2016, 13:30Dielectrics, Insulation, and BreakdownPoster PresentationSurface flashover in vacuum is a great limitation of electrical and electronic system, since it typically takes place on the surface region of an insulating material at applied electric stress much lower than the bulk breakdown strength of the material. This paper gives a review of surface flashover phenomena of insulators, especially its mechanism and techniques to improve withstanding...Go to contribution page
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Can Guo (Xi'an Jiaotong University)06/07/2016, 13:30Dielectrics, Insulation, and BreakdownPoster PresentationThe flashover of insulators is a bottleneck for the development of gas insulated transmission line (GIL). The operation experience of GIL shows that metallic particle plays an important role in flashover of the insulator. An experiment platform was established to study the influence of gas pressure on the flashover characteristics of the post insulator in SF6 under negative DC voltage. The...Go to contribution page
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Ms Lijuan Gao (Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment Security Defense, North China Electric Power University)06/07/2016, 13:30Dielectrics, Insulation, and BreakdownPoster PresentationComposite insulators have been widely used in power system due to their perfect anti-flashover characteristics. The external insulation of the composite insulator will inevitably be aging during operation, which will affect the reliability and stability of the power network. Thermally Stimulated Current (TSC) technology has proven to be able to well evaluate aging state of composite insulator....Go to contribution page
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06/07/2016, 13:30Dielectrics, Insulation, and BreakdownPoster PresentationIn Industries the motor speed are controlled with the help of PEC(power electronics converters)which are raised by the advancement in adjustable speed drive technology. This technology have paved way for dramatic changes in industrial control of motors. But the output waveforms of the PEC’s are highly distorted which may affect significantly the reliability of electric motor insulation system....Go to contribution page
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Dr Emel Onal (Istanbul Technical University, Electrical Engineering Dep.)06/07/2016, 13:30Dielectrics, Insulation, and BreakdownPoster PresentationIn this study,effects of frequency to dielectric parameters and problems are investigated.The various dielectrics like paper, acetate, glass, rubber, silicon are used at experiment. Frequencies range is between at 50-400 Hz.Also the thickness of the dielectrics are changed at 2 and 4 mm. The results of the experiments are given as reel and imaginer loss factor, resistance, loss power and loss...Go to contribution page
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Kirk Rainwater (TTU)06/07/2016, 13:30Repetitive Pulsed Power Systems, Repetitive Pulsed Magnetics, Accelerators, Beams, High Power Microwaves, and High Power Pulse AntennasPoster PresentationThis paper presents the electrical and mechanical design considerations of a compact, modular pulse forming network (PFN) based Marx generator used to drive a high-power microwave (HPM) source with a time variant load at 100 Hz. The modular Marx bank is designed to produce an open circuit output voltage of 600 kV from a 50 kV source using twelve stages. Each stage of the Marx was constructed...Go to contribution page
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Zachary Shaw (Texas Tech University)06/07/2016, 13:30Repetitive Pulsed Power Systems, Repetitive Pulsed Magnetics, Accelerators, Beams, High Power Microwaves, and High Power Pulse AntennasPoster PresentationA two antennae, software controllable phased array was built to study the generation and transmission of short, nanosecond, non-periodic pulses. This system allows transmitting a train of properly scaled and time-shifted non-periodic signals to generate received signals with major frequency components adjustable from approximately 600 MHz to 1.5 GHz. The main components in the system include...Go to contribution page
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Mr Tonglei Wang (Xi'an Jiaotong University)06/07/2016, 13:30Repetitive Pulsed Power Systems, Repetitive Pulsed Magnetics, Accelerators, Beams, High Power Microwaves, and High Power Pulse AntennasPoster PresentationA linear switch array pulse modulator (LSAPM) including gas switches, transmission lines and matched load was proposed to produce a pulse with a L wave band pulse, the frequency of output pulse could be adjusted by changing the length and impedance of transmission line, and interelectrode capacitance. In this paper, an electric circuit model of a 12-stage LSAPM was built and analyzed, and the...Go to contribution page
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Dejan Bešlija (Faculty of Electrical Engineering Sarajevo), Mirza Batalović (Faculty of Electrical Engineering)06/07/2016, 13:30Dielectrics, Insulation, and BreakdownPoster PresentationPartial discharges, as their name states, only partialy bridge a small portion of electrical insulation in the form of a tiny electrical arcs, which burn inside the defects that could appear in insulation system. Because of the fact that extruded cable system insulation is very sensitive on partial discharge activities detection vise, partial discharge measurements could be used as a powerful...Go to contribution page
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zhen yang (China Academy of Engineering Physics)06/07/2016, 13:30Repetitive Pulsed Power Systems, Repetitive Pulsed Magnetics, Accelerators, Beams, High Power Microwaves, and High Power Pulse AntennasPoster PresentationA kind of compact pulsed neutron generators with vacuum arc ion sources are widely used in neutron radiography, elemental analysis and illicit materials detection. Different modifications for the neutron generators developed at Institute of Fluid Physics(IFP)were investigated in this work. In order to increase the monatomic ions composition, a magnetic filed was applied in the plasma expanding...Go to contribution page
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Kelli Noel (University of Missouri)06/07/2016, 13:30Dielectrics, Insulation, and BreakdownPoster PresentationEmerging dielectric materials have been utilized to reduce the size of antennas and advanced pulsed power systems. Metamaterial composites can replace these traditional dielectrics by providing better electromagnetic properties while also being easy to machine into complex shapes. We are presently investigating these metamaterial composites, which have an impedance that can operate at the...Go to contribution page
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06/07/2016, 13:30Plasmas, Discharges, and Electromagnetic PhenomenaPoster PresentationHigh reliability of HV SF$_6$ switchgear makes an internal arc fault an extremely rare event. However, its occurrence cannot be completely avoided, and therefore, must be considered in the design process. Internal arc testing in SF$_6$ is not recommended due to its harmful environmental impact, but if necessary, tests should be performed only inside special containers, that will prevent the...Go to contribution page
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06/07/2016, 13:30Plasmas, Discharges, and Electromagnetic PhenomenaPoster Presentation
Screamer was developed to solve a wide range circuits with a focus on pulsed-power systems. Screamer is a highly optimized code written in Fortran 77. We will describe the mathematical foundations of Screamer and show how Screamer uses a wide range of pulsed power circuit elements. Screamer incorporates many physics-based models such as lossy transmission lines, dynamic loads, gas switching,...
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06/07/2016, 13:30Repetitive Pulsed Power Systems, Repetitive Pulsed Magnetics, Accelerators, Beams, High Power Microwaves, and High Power Pulse AntennasPoster PresentationIn recent years, High pulsed power technology has been widely used in industry. In this field, MARX generators based on solid-state devices plays a most significant role during the process of energy charge and storage. This circuit structure has solved many technical problems and improves the level of pulsed power technology. With the development of the solid-state Marx generators, MARX...Go to contribution page
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Dr Andrew Benwell (SLAC)06/07/2016, 13:30Repetitive Pulsed Power Systems, Repetitive Pulsed Magnetics, Accelerators, Beams, High Power Microwaves, and High Power Pulse AntennasPoster PresentationBuilding from several years of study, it is determined that the dominant cause of pulse to pulse jitter in LCLS linac modulators is thyratron performance [1]. Without a stabile thyratron, all other sources of jitter are dwarfed. To achieve long term stability in this environment, a highly de-rated off the shelf thyratron was selected to upgrade critical RF stations. After a year of...Go to contribution page
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Mr Dongdong Zhang (Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences)06/07/2016, 13:30Repetitive Pulsed Power Systems, Repetitive Pulsed Magnetics, Accelerators, Beams, High Power Microwaves, and High Power Pulse AntennasPoster PresentationMagnetic Pulse Compression (MPC) system is an important and efficient method to obtain high repetition rate and high voltage output. Novel MPC system which do not contain external demagnetization circuits have broadened the appliance of MPC systems. The novel MPC system mainly use magnetic switches to compress the pulse width. For improving the compression efficiency, we use both saturable...Go to contribution page
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Mr Yuxuan Chen (Auburn University)06/07/2016, 13:30Dielectrics, Insulation, and BreakdownPoster PresentationModern electrical power industry with high voltage levels needs the investigation of breakdown characteristics of dielectrics operated at kHz pulse field in partial vacuum. Aerospace industry, like aircraft and space station applications, is also requiring much higher power nowadays. Switched-mode power supplies offer solution to overcome these challenges. Meanwhile, understanding of the...Go to contribution page
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Prof. shirong hao (Key Laboratory of Pulsed Power, Institute of Fluid Physics, CAEP)06/07/2016, 13:30Repetitive Pulsed Power Systems, Repetitive Pulsed Magnetics, Accelerators, Beams, High Power Microwaves, and High Power Pulse AntennasPoster PresentationA compact repetitive pulsed power system based on Marx is developed. It consists of a high power repetitive power supply, a repetitive trigger and a Marx generator. By utilizing 10 inverter boost-doubling rectifier circuits to operate in parallel, we design and test a high power repetitive power supply which can transform 30V DC. to 100kV DC and charge a 0.3μF capacitor to 100kV in 150ms；The...Go to contribution page
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06/07/2016, 13:30Repetitive Pulsed Power Systems, Repetitive Pulsed Magnetics, Accelerators, Beams, High Power Microwaves, and High Power Pulse AntennasPoster PresentationThe spallation neutron source (SNS) extraction kicker is a high power 60Hz pulsed system used to eject a proton beam from an accumulator ring and transfer it to the target. The system has 14 blumlein PFN modulators that require timing synchronization and fast rise times, with timing jitter resulting in a modulator potentially firing outside of the ideal target time and reducing transfer...Go to contribution page
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Martin Paraliev (PSI)06/07/2016, 13:30Repetitive Pulsed Power Systems, Repetitive Pulsed Magnetics, Accelerators, Beams, High Power Microwaves, and High Power Pulse AntennasPoster PresentationThe development of a fast electron beam switching system for Swiss Free Electron Laser[1] (SwissFEL) is in its final phase. Two high stability resonant kicker magnets followed by a septum should separate two closely spaced electron bunches (28 ns apart) and send them to two separate undulator lines. Extremely high shot-to-shot amplitude stability will ensure minimal shot-to-shot variation of...Go to contribution page
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