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Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has emerged as a promising metal-free photocatalyst due to
its suitable band gap, chemical stability, and visible-light responsiveness. In this study,
g-C3N4 was synthesized via a simple and cost-effective thermal polymerization method using
urea as a nitrogen-rich precursor. The synthesis was carried out by calcining urea at elevated
temperatures in a muffle furnace, leading to the formation of layered graphitic carbon nitride
through condensation and polymerization processes. The structural and morphological
properties of the synthesized material were characterized using techniques such as XRD,
FTIR, and UV-Vis spectroscopy, confirming the successful formation of g-C3N4 with a typical
graphitic structure and optical band gap in the visible region. The synthesized g-C3N4 is used
as photocatalyst for the degradation of Methylene blue dye under visible light irradiation. The
results demonstrated significant degradation efficiency, attributed to effective visible-light
absorption and generation of electron–hole pairs. The study highlights that urea-derived
g-C3N4 is an efficient, environmentally friendly, and sustainable photocatalyst for wastewater
treatment applications.