WEBVTT 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:06.000 So you're already sharing your slides, so I will give you a quick I'll give you a quick verbal introduction. 00:00:06.000 --> 00:00:17.000 So Katarina has received or received her PhD from the Squala Normale Superior in Pisa, Italy in 2014. 00:00:17.000 --> 00:00:26.000 And then moved to Chicago for a postdoctoral fellowship on the CMS experiment at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. 00:00:26.000 --> 00:00:36.000 She joined Slack in 2018 as a Panofsky Fellow and move to the Atlas experiment. And then in 2022, she became assistant professor. 00:00:36.000 --> 00:00:48.000 Throughout this time, she has been devoted to studying the Higgs boson using data from the LHC, She's responsible for the integration activities at Slack of the new Atlas Pixel Inner Tracker Detector. 00:00:48.000 --> 00:00:54.000 She was also co-convener of the group on Higgs boson properties in the US National Study. 00:00:54.000 --> 00:01:04.000 For the future of particle physics. And currently co-leads the development of the cool copper collider, or as you may know it c cubed. 00:01:04.000 --> 00:01:16.000 Which is a next generation linear collider concept. So with that, once again, Katrina, welcome. And please Over to you. 00:01:16.000 --> 00:01:19.000 Thank you. Thank you so much for the introduction and for having me here today. 00:01:19.000 --> 00:01:40.000 So the title of my talk, we have discussed a way to do this with the organizer is like our possible steps towards a sustainable design of future colliders So it's mostly like My perspective on to coming into the planning of future colliders a few years ago 00:01:40.000 --> 00:01:53.000 And how sustainability can play a key role, not just for using environmental impact, but also enabling new technology that can be more efficient as well in terms of cost of resources needed. 00:01:53.000 --> 00:02:17.000 So as Anna said, my angle is very focused on the Higgs bosons. So first, I want to also get started introducing a little bit the context of our cast for our future collider So at the moment we have one. Is it a CERN? We have the large Earth Collider. Probably most people that are in this call are familiar with it. 00:02:17.000 --> 00:02:36.000 We have too many experiments in my stenatlas that are analyzing the data of latency, which is performing very well. We just restarted taking data in 2025, 2024 was all-time record for the liver luminosity. And we have large days as set now where we can 00:02:36.000 --> 00:02:50.000 Trying to investigate the properties of this particle, the Higgs that was discovered in 2012 data is a factor 30 more than we had at the time of the initial discovery. 00:02:50.000 --> 00:02:59.000 And so Indeed, it was a major milestone in particle physics in 2012 when the Higgs boson was discovered. 00:02:59.000 --> 00:03:14.000 Simultaneously by both the CMS and Atlas collaborations And now is officially part of the PVD. We have measured its mass. It's the only fundamental scalar that we have to score so far. 00:03:14.000 --> 00:03:21.000 And we are increasing the precisions of our understanding of how it interacts with the other standard model particle. 00:03:21.000 --> 00:03:36.000 So in the last 10 years, I've been probably a success but also in the lack of new discoveries of additional particles that can help us understanding what's missing in the standard model. 00:03:36.000 --> 00:03:41.000 The Higgs boson has played a central role in our planning for the future of collider physics. 00:03:41.000 --> 00:03:54.000 So… Even though over the last decade we did see us fundamentally changed the landscape of a hydrophysics with this career is particle. 00:03:54.000 --> 00:04:18.000 It is… There are a lot of questions in the standard model that are still pending and One, for instance, is if the Higgs boson is the only fundamental particle that it's exist if it's the only scalar field and we know that it might not be because on many models of inflations you expect an additional scalars as well 00:04:18.000 --> 00:04:20.000 That might have a role in the evolution of the universe. 00:04:20.000 --> 00:04:33.000 So looking for exotically decays, invisible Higgs decays, or shift in the total weight can actually give us insight a little bit about what could be beyond the standard model that it's connected with the Higgs sector. 00:04:33.000 --> 00:04:40.000 And if there are new particles, it's a legitimate assumption to think that it might coupled with the Higgs boson. 00:04:40.000 --> 00:04:51.000 And Higgs boson potential itself can receive modification. So there are a lot of reasons to believe that if new physics exists can be connected with the Higgs physics. 00:04:51.000 --> 00:05:02.000 And that's why it's really motivating us to really enabling the precisions of how we know, well, this particle in its interaction with the other particles in the standard model. 00:05:02.000 --> 00:05:17.000 And the only way to study the Higgs boson is the colliders. And that's why we are in our journey for increasing Our precisions of most of the measurements of the Higgs sector. 00:05:17.000 --> 00:05:35.000 So the larger than collider is a PP machine. And at this point we cannot go high in energy. So what has been planned is to go higher luminosity, which means collecting a data set would be like even a factor 10 larger than what we have collected so far in the high luminuity ROHC. 00:05:35.000 --> 00:05:59.000 Of course, there are challenges associated to it because we would be running in a more dense environment in terms of proton-proton collisions that will require upgrade of our detectors. And that's how where our community is being busy right now preparing the upgrade of the camera so we can utilize the same ring and increase the luminosity to collect a larger data set. 00:05:59.000 --> 00:06:15.000 So that is the plan that will hand close to 2040 so when we will have about 3,000 inborn, which is factor 10 rush Tarnish larger than what we will have by the Andor entry. 00:06:15.000 --> 00:06:24.000 And we would be able to measure the coupling of the Higgs boson to increase the precision. So probably many of you have seen this plot multiple times. 00:06:24.000 --> 00:06:32.000 This is our best guess for how well a humility will measure most of the happenings of the Higgs bosons. 00:06:32.000 --> 00:06:43.000 So on the y-axis, you have the strand of the coupling sensitivity, this is a projected sensitivity making some fair assumption about the systematic uncertainty we'll have in UHC. 00:06:43.000 --> 00:06:56.000 As a function of the particle mass. So the lightest are first and then we go towards the end to the top So not all the interactions of the Higgs with all the particles will be accessible to the other. 00:06:56.000 --> 00:07:03.000 Some of the measurements would be better than 5%. Some others would have larger uncertainty like that gamma. 00:07:03.000 --> 00:07:12.000 Charm as well with each charm coupling will have projected sensitivity about It's not even in the blog here, but well beyond 20%. 00:07:12.000 --> 00:07:27.000 And around 30, 40% in the self coupling, looking at the latest projection from high humidity. So this seems to be all we can do, which is an incredible improvement with respect to the current sensitivity. 00:07:27.000 --> 00:07:37.000 But you're using the uncertainty, like if you see the bottom panel, it's the uncertainty. You can really see that projected uncertainty to the standard model value that we expect to measure. 00:07:37.000 --> 00:07:55.000 So within those uncertainties where new physics can hide, because if there is a deviation, it could be a level of percent to sub percent you need to increase the precision of your measurement in order to be able with extreme confidence to claim that you have a deviation from the standard model. 00:07:55.000 --> 00:08:12.000 So the whole game here is an absence of new particles is to look at the precision measurement of the Higgs predominant to trying to identifying possible patterns of new physics that can give hints of hints new dynamics beyond the standard model. 00:08:12.000 --> 00:08:33.000 And there is a bunch of measurements that are unaccessible in HC. For instance, all the physics of testing the Higgs the Higgs interactions with the charm, strange quirks all the light you cover He's pretty much an accessible LITC and ILUMI. And that's why people have been starting talking for the last 20 years 00:08:33.000 --> 00:08:46.000 About going into a different regime, changing collisions particles from protons to electron and positrons. So now, and I will have the explanation later about how that works. 00:08:46.000 --> 00:08:52.000 For the time being, let me just pause and show you a possible roadmap. 00:08:52.000 --> 00:08:53.000 Now that, you know. 00:08:53.000 --> 00:08:59.000 This is clear discrimination. 00:08:59.000 --> 00:09:21.000 So we have hiring literacy plan for 2040s. And what the field is converging is to pun for An inks factory, a so-called X factory, which is any plastic miners collider that will produce a lot of hexes And will enable us to increase the precisions of most scalping measurements. 00:09:21.000 --> 00:09:35.000 While in parallel proceeding with R&D for possible technologies, BP, but also plasma wakefield, muon collider that can take us to very high energy in a cost-effective way. 00:09:35.000 --> 00:09:45.000 After that. So this is the roadmap that P5, which is the US process for planning for high energy physics, has concluded two years ago. 00:09:45.000 --> 00:09:54.000 Where we would be able to extend beyond 2040s and the precisions of the coupling to really reach the sub percent precisions that we need. 00:09:54.000 --> 00:10:06.000 To disentangle neophysics effect. Can hopefully learn a little bit about the scale of new physics so that we can target the center of mass of energy for the next collider in a more mindful way. 00:10:06.000 --> 00:10:24.000 In all this, it has been identified at one of the projects That is the most advanced in order to reach those physicals is FCC which is plan to start 2047 if approved, and the European strategy process is ongoing. 00:10:24.000 --> 00:10:36.000 Where the feasibility study report has been just published. So hopefully by the end of this year or next, we should be able to translate this projector roadmaps into something that is looking more like a plan. 00:10:36.000 --> 00:10:49.000 So the reason why we're interested into changing pridegma from PP to aplasty minus it's because As I showed you in a picture before, once we collide protons, packets of protons. 00:10:49.000 --> 00:11:03.000 And once in thousands of collisions Sorry, thousands of interactions, you actually have a strong interactions and once in a billion collisions, you actually make a Higgs boson. 00:11:03.000 --> 00:11:19.000 So once you have produced a Higgs boson, the Higgs Very much promptly. So you are not looking at a Higgs you're looking at its decay products So in a dense environment where you have multiple proton-proton collisions happening at the same time at each vertical crossing. 00:11:19.000 --> 00:11:25.000 Disentangled and reconstructing well the Higgs kinematic is not a small fit. 00:11:25.000 --> 00:11:44.000 So we have learned how to do that very well with machine learning over the years and incredible sophisticated algorithms, but there are certain channels like like you have a couplings that are mostly inaccessible at LHC exactly for the nature of 00:11:44.000 --> 00:11:55.000 The composite nature of the presence and those collisions. Any plus D minus, you have already fundamental particles once in a hundred collisions, you produce a Higgs boson. 00:11:55.000 --> 00:12:09.000 And now the particles that you see in the final state are only coming from the Higgs decay. So you can really have a very clean experimental environment where you can enable very high precision measurement of all the Higgs boson properties. 00:12:09.000 --> 00:12:15.000 And unlike some of the tunnels that were almost impossible, still impossible to see. 00:12:15.000 --> 00:12:25.000 And another thing is interesting is that besides the Higgs, now you're in an environment and you plus the minus where you can record all the collisions you have. 00:12:25.000 --> 00:12:30.000 So you're in a triggerless scenario. You could be or very much more um 00:12:30.000 --> 00:12:37.000 Like easier than anyc in order to store most of the collisions that are being produced. 00:12:37.000 --> 00:12:44.000 And if there is new physics that has gone undetected, let's see for some trigger. 00:12:44.000 --> 00:12:52.000 Biases and so on will probably have a better chance to be discovered at future riplasty mites. 00:12:52.000 --> 00:13:12.000 So when it comes to E plus minus collider, people are talking about different center mass of energy. And the reason why it's um Now it becomes an important parameter. It's because ali plus minus you produce Higgs bosons through different mechanisms depending on the center of mass of energy that you have at your disposal. 00:13:12.000 --> 00:13:29.000 So while HC, we have basically just transitioned from 7 to 8, 13 now to almost 14 tv But all the production mechanism of the Higgs were all accessible at the same time. The overall cross section, of course, increases with energy. 00:13:29.000 --> 00:13:47.000 But all the production modes were always accessible. Honeyblastoma, depending on how much energy you can invest you have different production mechanisms that are open So at 250 GB, which is the standard energy people are considering for earnings factory, you mostly produce Higgs through 00:13:47.000 --> 00:14:08.000 Associated production with a ZAD boson. And this is a super interesting channel because now you can completely use the data reconstruct the data and go in an independent way looking at the Higgs and measure the weight in a very agnostic way with very little model dependence. 00:14:08.000 --> 00:14:14.000 And really have a super powerful probe for exotic and visible decays of the Higgs. 00:14:14.000 --> 00:14:44.000 Then if you can afford to go high in energy you can open up new channels like X production through WFusion and through interaction with tt bar pairs. So you can study the top coupling again And Levelinix production, which is an interesting channel for the self-coupling. What I did see is projected to do well with large statistics, but not necessarily we're going to have precision below 30% based on the current projection. 00:14:46.000 --> 00:15:05.000 So all the machines have been like, you know, studied based on simulation projected sensitivity, all the possible expected being considered. I'm showing here this crowded plot only to make one point If you look at the gray bar, that's LHC. 00:15:05.000 --> 00:15:11.000 And the x-axis are all the possible couplings of the Higgs to the values of the motor particles. 00:15:11.000 --> 00:15:19.000 And it is an important trend here. Most of the times the gray bar is much larger than any of the other machines. 00:15:19.000 --> 00:15:40.000 So just to say that the performance, the physics reach of all these machines has been evaluated considering various scenarios for luminosities and thermos of energy. And in all the cases you will improve significantly over high luminity performance so unlocking the precisions that scientists are seeking 00:15:40.000 --> 00:16:08.000 For the next feature collider. So just from a span award here. So I'm planning for the next facility. As I say, the FCC seems to be the frontrunner, but the European strategy has also allowed us to ask us to evaluate alternatives that are still being considered. And for the sake of the planning for future colliders, I'm going to be comprehensive and cover a little bit of everything that my community has been discussed over the last few years in order to evaluate proposals. 00:16:08.000 --> 00:16:19.000 So I need to start by explaining the difference a little bit between linear and circular. As I said, in terms of physics rates, they're all advancing. 00:16:19.000 --> 00:16:32.000 With respect to high lumility. But there are some key differences if you're considering any plastic minus machine that is colliding neural electron deposit runs and on or in a circular ring. 00:16:32.000 --> 00:16:43.000 So in a linear machine, you can polarized beams, and that's an advantage on maximizing cross-section and minimize backgrounds. 00:16:43.000 --> 00:16:57.000 And because of the nature of the the linear, you have less radiation that is less at each branch crossing And you can reach high energy as a result. 00:16:57.000 --> 00:17:04.000 So you can go up to TV with a linear collider just by extending the footprint of your machine. 00:17:04.000 --> 00:17:12.000 When it comes to circular collider now, you have to worry about synchron radiation, but you can reach about a very high luminosity. 00:17:12.000 --> 00:17:26.000 So because of synchron radiation, you have to limit the central mass of energy to something around 350 gv But you can have very high immunosity by having the beams circulating in your ring. 00:17:26.000 --> 00:17:30.000 And the kind of size people are talking around this time, it's around 90. 00:17:30.000 --> 00:17:56.000 Kilometers. So there are various proposals that have been evaluated by SNOMAS and proposals at the European strategy you have the ILC, which is a linear collider concept planned to be located in japan For a first upgrade at 250 GB and then up to 500 gb 00:17:56.000 --> 00:18:10.000 And then CPC and FCC are both two links of about 1900 kilometers that will deliver a central mass collision at central mass energy up to 40 up to 365. 00:18:10.000 --> 00:18:20.000 And then… CLIC had been proposed to actually go very high energy up to 3 TV with a starting point at 380 GB for eggs physics. 00:18:20.000 --> 00:18:39.000 And then the cool copper collider is something that emerged Lunisomas as an alternative technology for a linear collider in the case that the ILC would not go forward. That would start at 250 GB and then going there is opportunity to go up to TB. 00:18:39.000 --> 00:18:45.000 So I'm giving you the historical approach. I will have two words at the end about where we are now. 00:18:45.000 --> 00:18:58.000 And the reason it's because I want to show you how sustainability can enter into the design and be the unlocking potential neural direction. 00:18:58.000 --> 00:19:07.000 So during these NOMAS, these were the proposals that were evaluated in terms of physics, but the feasibility of those were actually evaluated independently. 00:19:07.000 --> 00:19:20.000 By the so-called implementation task force committee that was an independent group of scientists and experts that had evaluated all the values proposals. 00:19:20.000 --> 00:19:45.000 In terms of power consumption, complexity, and readiness. The report is available on the archive and is super comprehensive, has several tables and several key parameters of really they developed a framework to evaluate as much as possible on equal footprint, all the proposed accelerators, not just six factories, but the list goes on also the 00:19:45.000 --> 00:19:57.000 The advanced accelerator concept that have the premise the promise to reach very high energy So here, just cherry-picked some extracted some information out of this report. 00:19:57.000 --> 00:20:08.000 So on the left, there is a plot. It shows as a functional center mass of energy the ratio of luminosity per power of various accelerative concepts. 00:20:08.000 --> 00:20:14.000 So when you're thinking of sustainability, you want to have the highest luminosity of first molar power. 00:20:14.000 --> 00:20:19.000 So you want to give us less energy possible in order to have the most efficient machine that delivers pure data. 00:20:19.000 --> 00:20:36.000 And then you can see the trade-off between linear collider and circular collider very well. Low energy, the best ratio is coming from secular machine as you go high in energy linear collateral, it's where you can deliver more efficient higher data set with less power. 00:20:36.000 --> 00:20:44.000 Of course, there are three dots in terms of footprint, which was one of the parameters assessed by this task force. 00:20:44.000 --> 00:20:51.000 Power consumption, but also complexity and radiation mitigation in the case of very high energy machine that start becoming a concern. 00:20:51.000 --> 00:21:00.000 Another key factor that can make a key difference whether or not you can build or not your collider is the cost. 00:21:00.000 --> 00:21:08.000 So they had their own way to derive cost estimate based on the framework they derived and the information they had available at that time. 00:21:08.000 --> 00:21:16.000 So they produce some figure and Mary to estimate basically labor that you would need in terms of FTE per year. 00:21:16.000 --> 00:21:28.000 To deliver the material and just assembly needed for these future facilities As well as very high range uncertainty cost estimate. 00:21:28.000 --> 00:21:46.000 So something was missing was, of course. Like a framework for sustainability at that time frame But ILC and Qlik had done independently a lot of studies to evaluate the impact of construction. 00:21:46.000 --> 00:22:02.000 So a firm was hired. That is an analysis in order to identify the key contributors to Global warming. 00:22:02.000 --> 00:22:19.000 Projected impact in terms of construction And they had a whole framework that's how we will to evaluate the life cycle assessment of the virus contribution to constructions and not just material, but also transportations and so on. 00:22:19.000 --> 00:22:44.000 So we have basically then started looking into how all this facility compare in terms of main tunnel, but also in operations later So here, just a description of FCC, CPC, which is ILC and CLIC in terms of the parameters collected by 00:22:44.000 --> 00:23:04.000 The various proponents of these collaborations in terms of how much the maintainer contributes to overall construction, plus you have infrastructure due to various parts of accelerator concept as well as the cavern where the experimental holes are located Plus A4 and A5 basically correspond 00:23:04.000 --> 00:23:31.000 To an additional 20% of the overall impact of construction. And it's due to the transportations and of materials to from the site and These are very extensive analysis that dedicated experts have put together for Qlik and ILC. And in the feasibility studies for FCC that was just published, there is also an update about FCC as well. 00:23:31.000 --> 00:23:47.000 So these are numbers from our previous publications that reflect what was known at that time by 2022 and 2023. And you will hear more probably also in Ken Bloom talk more about how this has been put together and these have been evaluated 00:23:47.000 --> 00:24:13.000 By the various collaborations of future colliders. So this is just a little bit more details about the lifecycle assessment, about how the values the various contributions to construction, not just the raw material and the manufacturer itself, but also the transportation and the construction process are taken into account and they are non-negligible. 00:24:13.000 --> 00:24:20.000 They make up more than 20% of the overall impact on construction that is being reported. 00:24:20.000 --> 00:24:41.000 So one thing to mitigate construction is to come up with a better a better design engineering design of the allocated real estate in your tunnel and how you can make it as compact as possible. There are some intrinsic limitation if you have to put your clastrone in the tunnel and allow for 00:24:41.000 --> 00:24:59.000 Cardiogenics and so on. And so there is there is a minimum size that cannot be violated, but all the collaborations click ILC and RCC have made a lot of work have put a lot of effort in order to minimize the overall diameter. 00:24:59.000 --> 00:25:26.000 Of the tunnel. So the latest from FCC is 5.5 meters ILC has started from 9.5 and now they are looking into possible designs that where that can number can actually be reduced to 5.6 meters And then click SQ designs, one which is more compact, as low as 5.6 and one which is actually including a Cliostron in the main tunnel 00:25:26.000 --> 00:25:36.000 Which is roughly 10 meters diameter. So another way to reduce impact of construction is to look at surface site. 00:25:36.000 --> 00:25:47.000 So of course, this is only possible if you're looking at a bird So… Hello? 00:25:47.000 --> 00:26:03.000 Okay. Small footprint. This is something that in the context Obviously, we have been investigating about how having a cutting cover inside could actually be used by a lot the impact of construction. 00:26:03.000 --> 00:26:14.000 And allow for a compound design, but also reduce the amount of dirt that you have to remove from the site because then you can just cover it back. 00:26:14.000 --> 00:26:22.000 Once you allow for your prefabricated slots to be put in place. 00:26:22.000 --> 00:26:41.000 So another big component of emissions due to collateral is of course operations And so the site power requirements, of course, depending on the optimization you can do your BIM parameters circular linear have different parameters to play with in order to reduce that. 00:26:41.000 --> 00:26:59.000 The carbon intensity is something that really depends where in the world you are, as it was also mentioned in the previous talk. If you're in China, of course, you're looking at a factor 10 more emissions than if you're looking at the same collider being operated in Europe. 00:26:59.000 --> 00:27:23.000 So in the process of looking at these scenarios such as NOMA, so we actually learn about certain valid assumption one can make since the United States has had a goal to to be completely green by 2035. And this is at least true in California, where now things you can use most of renewables through the 00:27:23.000 --> 00:27:30.000 Through the day and you can leverage grid with batteries to better use the excess. 00:27:30.000 --> 00:27:35.000 Of energy that you might get from solar or wind farms. 00:27:35.000 --> 00:27:46.000 So what we assumed in the analysis we had done on that time evaluating CQ in the context of the other future colliders. 00:27:46.000 --> 00:27:51.000 Was to assume that all the facility would be able to get to the same target value. 00:27:51.000 --> 00:28:07.000 Of 20 grams CO2 emissions per kilowatt hour. So that was an indicator assumption that basically assumed that whether you are in the ward by the time this next collar would be built, we can all get to the Israelis like 00:28:07.000 --> 00:28:25.000 Not realistic, but at least wishful target of new emission. So this takes me to the example. So when we started looking into CQ at that time We wanted to take into account considerations about sustainability early on in the design. 00:28:25.000 --> 00:28:39.000 So for those that are not familiar with what CQ is, is a kilometer footprint collider proposal for reaching center mass of energy collision in a positive 250 and come under 50 GV. 00:28:39.000 --> 00:28:48.000 The small footprint is possible to a higher gradient that is possible with leaders and developments in normal conducted technology. 00:28:48.000 --> 00:28:56.000 So you can read to 70 to 120 per meter gradient that can allow you to be comfortably in a kilometer accelerator complex. 00:28:56.000 --> 00:29:06.000 To basically achieve the most central mass energy collisions needed to study the Higgs and the liver. 00:29:06.000 --> 00:29:16.000 The whole physics program. So the only technology is different with respect to ILC and Qlik is basically only the technology that goes into the main Linux that accelerate the particles. 00:29:16.000 --> 00:29:28.000 That everything when it comes to being delivered and interaction point and dumping rings was basically re-optimized by the baselines of click and ILC. 00:29:28.000 --> 00:29:47.000 And we, as I said, we already looked into cutting cover for the tunnel for cost reduction and sustainability In terms of overall emissions that you can reduce by a lot per meter by using cutting cover approach as opposed to a boring machine 00:29:47.000 --> 00:29:53.000 And then, oh. I did not complete this. 00:29:53.000 --> 00:30:09.000 So, sorry. These were supposed to be a transition. But anyway, what I wanted to say is that we started looking into When we did our analysis of overall emission, we realized that in Seahube, given the small footprint. 00:30:09.000 --> 00:30:16.000 Then it becomes operations, one of the lead contributions to the overall emissions for this collider. 00:30:16.000 --> 00:30:21.000 So we started looking into the components that are like consuming the most power. 00:30:21.000 --> 00:30:29.000 So the overall consumptions that we expect are 250 GB is order of 100 megawatt for the main linac alone. 00:30:29.000 --> 00:30:51.000 And then we started looking into the efficiency of the cloestrians, pulse compressions can actually also, if demonstrated, could actually lead to also significant power consumption and also how to play with the beam parameters and that's like the drawings at the bottom of the slide 00:30:51.000 --> 00:31:02.000 So basically, we realized that we could reduce the frequency of the band strains from 120 hertz to 60 hertz. 00:31:02.000 --> 00:31:13.000 And now double the bantes for each train. And in this way, we can still deliver the physics we wanted. We verified that with the beam background simulations and so on. 00:31:13.000 --> 00:31:25.000 But now we have double the flat top, half the band spacing And by staying at constant luminosity, we can reduce the power significantly by more than 40%. 00:31:25.000 --> 00:31:50.000 So we decided then to, given the fact that looking at all the various components that were leading contributions to the power consumption, we identified possible RNA lines that could help us deliver in the state of physics But keeping power consumption lower. And since then, we have totally verified these approach and assumed that as a baseline 00:31:50.000 --> 00:32:09.000 So this is one example we're having considerations in mind about sustainability early on in the design and planning for the collider can actually lead to optimization of not just the civil construction from the get-go but also on the beam parameters from the get-go. 00:32:09.000 --> 00:32:11.000 Apologies, Cassarina running out of time 00:32:11.000 --> 00:32:13.000 Okay, sorry, I'm ready to wrap up. I don't have a minute. 00:32:13.000 --> 00:32:19.000 Thank you. 00:32:19.000 --> 00:32:45.000 Okay, so and this is the comparison we did at that time. Of course, this will be updated with all the inputs from the European strategy. And I want to conclude by saying that there is recognitions in the European strategy process of how important it is to have an insight on sustainability So there is a dedicated working group that is led by Katharina Blois and Maxine Tito that has been tasked from the CERN Council 00:32:45.000 --> 00:33:08.000 To really evaluate, develop guidelines and a framework to evaluate the sustainability impact of future accelerator and ensuring broad community representation is also one of the mandates of this committee. So there are links here and these are slides from Katharina and Maxime about the values guidelines for sustainability assessment. 00:33:08.000 --> 00:33:36.000 And even another example, I want to highlight is there is a newly formed 10TB plasma wake field studies And within that, he has a dedicated working group that is co-led by me and Marlene Turner about how to include sustainability into the design. Of course, new technology have the promise to deliver you more luminously for less power. That's why we're investigating new technology for future accelerators. 00:33:36.000 --> 00:33:44.000 But also there are a lot of other considerations have to be made into planning for the future facilities that have to be taken into account early on in the design. 00:33:44.000 --> 00:33:55.000 And I'm leaving you with these conclusions. And I'm sorry for having run out of time. I hadn't realized. But thank you for your attention. 00:33:55.000 --> 00:34:02.000 Wonderful. Thank you so much. That was really interesting and a really great overview of the potential path that we have. 00:34:02.000 --> 00:34:11.000 And sustainability options and also the fact that we can really start looking into it early on in the design process of a facility. 00:34:11.000 --> 00:34:22.000 I'm really sorry, but we don't have time for questions. But I do encourage everyone to either put questions in the chat or on the matter most, and we can do that offline. 00:34:22.000 --> 00:34:25.000 But for now, if that's okay, Katrina, we'll move on to the next talk. 00:34:25.000 --> 00:34:30.000 Thank you once again. I encourage everyone to show their appreciation through a virtual round of applause. 00:34:30.000 --> 00:34:46.000 Thank you. So next, we have Yamina Sahib, Professor Yamina Saheb. Yamina, would you mind starting to share your slides? Welcome, and we're glad to have you join us. 00:34:46.000 --> 00:34:48.000 I'm going to… Can you hear me? 00:34:48.000 --> 00:35:00.000 Good afternoon or good evening, everyone. I'm sorry you cannot see me because I have an issue with my camera. So it looks like it's on on mode, but no one can seize me. 00:35:00.000 --> 00:35:02.000 Can see me. So I will share my slides. 00:35:02.000 --> 00:35:07.000 Wonderful. Yes, I can give you a very brief introduction if you'd like. 00:35:07.000 --> 00:35:09.000 Yes, go ahead. 00:35:09.000 --> 00:35:18.000 Okay, so Yamina is a lecturer and a researcher at Sciences Pool in paris A co-founder of the World Sufficiency Lab. 00:35:18.000 --> 00:35:31.000 A lead author of the IPCC AR6 on climate change mitigation and a senior fellow at the OpenXP And a guest researcher at the University of Lausanne. 00:35:31.000 --> 00:35:38.000 Prior to this position, Yamino was a senior fellow researcher at the University of Munster and previously a senior researcher at the University of Lausan. 00:35:38.000 --> 00:35:47.000 And in 2018 sorry uh unina was the head of the Energy Efficiency Unit at the Energy Charter Secretariat. 00:35:47.000 --> 00:36:04.000 Before that, she was a policy and scientific officer at the Renewables and Energy Efficiency Unit at the Institute of Energy and Transport of the Joint Research center jrc of the european commission And she's also worked as a senior buildings energy policy analyst in the International Energy Agency. 00:36:04.000 --> 00:36:11.000 She also holds a PhD in energy engineering, master's degrees on landscape architecture. 00:36:11.000 --> 00:36:27.000 And development economics and an engineering degree in building technologies. And with that, thank you so much again for joining us. I'd love to let you take it away. Would you like a reminder of timing?