Gapless superfluidity and neutron stars

• Valentin Allard (Warsaw University of Technology)

Born from gravitational-core collapse supernovae, with initial temperatures as high as $\sim 10^{12}$K, neutron stars cool down to temperatures $10^9$ K within a few days, providing a unique opportunity to explore matter under extreme conditions. In particular, neutron stars contain nuclear superfluids whose presence is supported by observations of pulsar frequency glitches, rapid decline in luminosity of the Cassiopeia A remnant, and crust cooling of neutron stars in low-mass X-ray binaries. Despite the importance of the superfluid dynamics in interpreting these astrophysical phenomena, most microscopic calculations of the nuclear pairing properties have been carried out so far for static situations. We have recently studied the dynamics of hot neutron-proton superfluid mixtures within the time-dependent nuclear energy-density functional theory [1,2]. The disappearance of superfluidity has also been investigated and reveals the presence of a dynamical "gapless" state in which nuclear superfluidity is not destroyed even though the energy spectrum of quasiparticle excitations exhibits no gap. The absence of an energy gap affects considerably the neutron specific heat which becomes very different from that in the classical BCS state (in the absence of superflows) [3]. Implications for the crust cooling of neutron stars in low-mass X-ray binaries will be discussed, as well as the consequences of gapless superfluidity for neutron vortex dynamics [4]. [1] N. Chamel & V. Allard, Phys. Rev. C 100, 065801 (2019). [2] V. Allard & N. Chamel, Phys. Rev. C 103, 025804 (2021). [3] V. Allard & N. Chamel, Phys. Rev. C 108, 045801 (2023). [4] V. Allard & N. Chamel, Phys. Rev. Lett. 132, 181001 (2024)

Massless Bose Particles -Hions and the Possibilities of Real Space-Time Engineering

• Grigor Movsesyan (Institute for Informatics and Automation Problems of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia, 1 P. Sevak Str., Yerevan, Republic of Armenia, 0014)

Room: 113 Recently, within the framework of the stochastic Yang-Mills equations for the gauge symmetry group SU(2)xU(1), the possibility of the evidence of massless Bose particles with spin-1- The formation of a scalar field from an ensemble of chions as a result of Bose condensation of entangled pairs of chions with a common spin of 0 is theoretically substantiated. has been proven [1]. The formation of a scalar field from an ensemble of hions as a result of Bose condensation of entangled pairs of hions with a common spin of 0 is theoretically substantiated. In such a field, pairs of hions are not entangled, but the system is assumed to have a net zero spin on fairly small spatial scales. The main goal of our experiment was to demonstrate the possibility of manipulating the refractive indices of empty space (vacuum) by external influence on the vector field and thereby prove the reality of implementing space-time engineering. Recall that when speaking about space-time engineering, scientists usually mean manipulating the structure of space-time itself. Such possibilities are usually associated with so-called wormholes, which can appear in the fabric of space-time according to Einstein's general theory of relativity and connect remote regions of space in the shortest possible way. It is obvious that only supernatural beings are capable of creating and controlling such technologies, and it is doubtful that even in the distant future humanity will be able to master such technologies. However, changing and controlling space-time remains one of the greatest problems of modern quantum physics, and even its partial solution can lead to incredible technological development of human civilization. As is well known, light passing through one slit form a diffraction pattern. We modified this experiment by placing a cylinder behind the diffraction slit, on which a light guide is wound. When two independent low-power laser sources of the visible range of light are switched on, one of which falls on the slit and the other propagates along the light guide, a redistribution of light intensity is observed in individual diffraction zones. Moreover, as precision measurements of light intensity in various diffraction zones have shown, in individual pixels the change in light intensity relative to the normal value amounts to tens of percent. Moreover, as precision measurements of light intensity in various diffraction zones have shown, in individual pixels the change in light intensity relative to the normal value amounts to tens of percent. This effect is so significant that it cannot be explained within the framework of classical or quantum electrodynamics. Latter indicates the formation of a phase object of a complex structure on the path of propagation of a diffracting light beam and, accordingly, a new, still unknown type of polarization of the quantum vacuum. As multilateral analysis and numerical estimates show, such polarization can arise as a result of reorientation of hions spins under the action of an external electromagnetic field. In other words, this experiment indirectly proves the existence of hions that form physical space itself, the possibility of manipulating them with the help of external influences and, accordingly, the implementation of space-time engineering. [1] A.S. Gevorkyan, Quantum Vacuum: The Structure of Empty Space–Time and Quintessence with Gauge Symmetry Group SU(2)xU(1), Particles, 2019, Vol. 2(2), pp. 281-308; doi:10.3390/particles2020019

Quantum Description of the Motion of a Single Photon and Its Stability

• Ashot Gevorkyan (Institute for Informatics and Automation Problems NAS of RA)

Room: 113 ABSTRACT Until now, the theory of quantum mechanics of the photon has not been sufficiently developed; moreover, the idea of the wave function of the photon is often considered a controversial concept, see, for example [1]. Note that for the photon, there is only the quantum theory of the electromagnetic radiation, which, except for the frequency or wavelength, does not provide any other information about the space-time structure and other properties of the photon [2]. The main reason for the difficulties is that photons are never non-relativistic and can be freely emitted and absorbed, therefore there is no law of conservation of the number of photons, which makes its description within the usual paradigm of quantum mechanics, if not impossible, then very difficult. Meanwhile, theoretical attempts to determine the wave functions of the photon have a rich history and date back to the time of the formation of quantum mechanics itself [3]. It is important to note that quantum mechanics, which aims to give a complete description of various natural phenomena, must be able to describe such a fundamental physical particle as a photon, which cannot be done without formulation the concept of a particle's wave function. Recall that for the photon, there is only the quantum theory of electromagnetic radiation, which, apart from the frequency or wavelength, does not provide any other information about the space-time structure and other properties of the photon, while the cross-sections of all processes involving photons are determined by its space-time structure [2]. The problem is becoming increasingly important due to the rapid growth in the number of experiments on the generation and detection of single photons, related to such important areas as quantum computing and quantum cryptography, quantum measurements, quantum communications and other ultra-sensitive quantum technologies, see for example. The study of the structure of the photon and its evolution during large spatial transitions can be important and informative also from the point of view of astrophysics problems. To study and solve these problems, we considered the wave function of a single photon within the framework of the SU(2)xU(1) gauge symmetry group using the Yang–Mills equations for Abelian fields [4]. The wave equation of a photon as a complex probabilistic process is investigated and, in the limit of statistical equilibrium, the mathematical expectation of its wave state is obtained taking into account relaxation on space-time fluctuations. The role of hions in the formation of the space-time structure of a photon during its “long stay in vacuum” is studied in detail. [1] Bialynicki-Birula,I., 1995, On the photon wavefunction Coherence and Quantum Optics VII eds 495 Eberly J.H., Mandel L. and Wolf E. (New York: Plenum) p313. [2] Akhiezer, A.I., and Berestetskii, V.B. 1965, Quantum Electrodynamics, (Interscience, New York), Ch. 497 1. [3] Dirac, P. A. M., 1958, The Principles of Quantum Theory 4th ed. (Clarendon Press, Oxford) p. 9. [4] Gevorkyan, A.S., Quantum Vacuum: The Structure of Empty Space–Time and Quintessence with Gauge Symmetry Group SU(2)xU(1), Particles, 2019, Vol. 2(2), pp. 281-308; doi:10.3390/particles2020019

The impact of non-zero quark masses on the Equation of State and the Maximum Mass of Strange Quark Stars

• Hasmik Shahinyan (Yerevan State University)

This study explores the equations of state for strange quark matter as a superdense ground state within the MIT bag model, considering both fixed and baryon density–dependent parameters. We examine the structure of cold, self-bound strange stars capable of reaching masses above two solar masses, forming a continuous family with neutron stars along the mass–central density (M(ρ_c)) relation. The primary aim is to compare these theoretical mass predictions with recent precise pulsar mass measurements. By solving the Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff equations numerically, we evaluate two scenarios: (1) fixed bag model parameters m_s,α_c,B; (2) fixed m_s,α_c with B=B(n_B). In this discussion, we address the solutions to the equations of state and subsequently examine the relativistic equations governing compact stars, incorporating the non-zero masses of first-generation quarks. Using numerical calculations based on their experimentally determined values with specified accuracy, we analyze the resulting relationships between these parameters and the various physical quantities.